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Fregoso Family
The House of Fregoso or di Campofregoso was a noble family of the Republic of Genoa and Liguria in general, divided into numerous branches, whose members distinguished themselves on numerous historical occasions; many of them held the position of Doge of Genoa, some were also lords of Sarzana; others finally held various fiefdoms, lands and titles along the arc of the Ligurian Apennines, such as the county of Sant'Agata Feltria which was owned by Agostino Fregoso. The Fregoso family monopolized the Dogate's lifetime office, becoming the dynasty who produced the highest number of doges in the history of the Republic. History Originating from the locality of Val Polcevera, on the hill above Rivarolo, they were enterprising merchants, active in the political affairs of the city from the 13th century, with Rolando, a castellan from Voltaggio, Gavi and Porto Venere. The family had a strong influence on Genoese political life and thirteen members of the Fregoso family became doges; t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doge Of Genoa
The Doge of Genoa ( lij, Dûxe, ; la, Januensium dux et populi defensor, "Commander of the Genoese and Defender of the People") was the ruler of the Republic of Genoa, a city-state and soon afterwards a maritime republic, from 1339 until the state's extinction in 1797. Originally elected for life, after 1528 the Doges were elected for terms of two years. The Republic (or Dogate) was ruled by a small group of merchant families, from whom the doges were selected. History The first Doge of Genoa, Simone Boccanegra ( Ligurian: ''Scimón Boccanéigra''), whose name is kept alive by Verdi's opera, was appointed by public acclaim in 1339. Initially the Doge of Genoa was elected without restriction and by popular suffrage, holding office for life in the so-called "perpetual dogate"; but after the reform effected by Andrea Doria in 1528 the term of his office was reduced to two years. At the same time plebeians were declared ineligible, and the appointment of the doge was entrust ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battista Fregoso
Battista Fregoso (Genoa, 1380Genoa, June 20, 1442) was the 27th Doge of the Republic of Genoa. His leadership lasted only one day. Biography Son of the former doge Pietro Fregoso and his second wife Benedetta Doria, brother of Tomaso di Campofregoso, who was elected to the dogal office three times, Battista was born in Genoa around 1380. After his father's death in 1404, Fregoso probably followed his own family in various exiles in different Italian states and in the management of commercial traffic, especially in the eastern Genoese colony of Cyprus. Almost inexplicably, he began to approach the Milanese Duke Filippo Maria Visconti, enemy of his brother Tomaso, then the doge of the Republic. By now, secretly an ally of Duke Visconti, he put in place his "climb to power" on the morning of 24 March 1437, taking advantage of the momentary absence of the doge engaged in attending the religious celebrations of Palm Sunday at the Cathedral of San Lorenzo. Battista Fregoso took o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pomellina Fregoso
Pomellina Fregoso (1387/88 in Genoa – 1468 in Monaco) was Lady Consort of Monaco by marriage to Jean I, Lord of Monaco, and the mother of Lord Catalan. She served as regent of Monaco several times during the absence of her husband between 1437 and 1441, as well as between 1457 and March 1458, as the guardian of her granddaughter Claudine, Lady of Monaco. She was thus the first woman to rule Monaco. Life Pomellina (or Pomelline) was a member of the noble House of Fregoso of Genoa, which included several doges of Genoa among its members. Her father was the Doge Pietro Fregoso (died 1404), and her mother was either Theodora Spinola or Benedetta Doria. Lady of Monaco In 1419, after Monaco had been occupied by Genoa since 1357, her husband became Lord of Monaco in co-regency with his brothers, but ruled alone from 1427 onward. Monaco itself was occupied by the Duchy of Milan in 1436, but freed, upon which Jean placed Pomellina there to manage the fortress in his absent. She was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bishop
A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is called episcopacy. Organizationally, several Christian denominations utilize ecclesiastical structures that call for the position of bishops, while other denominations have dispensed with this office, seeing it as a symbol of power. Bishops have also exercised political authority. Traditionally, bishops claim apostolic succession, a direct historical lineage dating back to the original Twelve Apostles or Saint Paul. The bishops are by doctrine understood as those who possess the full priesthood given by Jesus Christ, and therefore may ordain other clergy, including other bishops. A person ordained as a deacon, priest (i.e. presbyter), and then bishop is understood to hold the fullness of the ministerial priesthood, given responsibility b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Condottiero
''Condottieri'' (; singular ''condottiero'' or ''condottiere'') were Italian captains in command of mercenary companies during the Middle Ages and of multinational armies during the early modern period. They notably served popes and other European monarchs during the Italian Wars of the Renaissance and the European Wars of Religion. Notable ''condottieri'' include Prospero Colonna, Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, Cesare Borgia, the Marquis of Pescara, Andrea Doria, and the Duke of Parma. The term ''condottiero'' in medieval Italian originally meant "contractor" since the ''condotta'' was the contract by which the condottieri put themselves in the service of a city or of a lord. The term, however, became a synonym of "military leader" during the Renaissance and Reformation era. Some authors have described the legendary Alberto da Giussano as the "first condottiero" and Napoleon Bonaparte (in virtue of his Italian origins) as the "last condottiero". According to this view, the condott ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tomaso Di Campofregoso
Tomaso di Campofregoso (1375–1453) was doge of the Republic of Genoa three times. Biography The son of Pietro Campofregoso, who had been doge for a single day on 13 July 1393, in the early 15th century he was named captain of the Republic of Genoa at Famagusta (Cyprus) and entered the political life of the city. In the same period, together with his brother Rolando (or Orlando), he tried a coup against the allegiance of Genoa towards France and its king Charles VI. He besieged the government palace with 200 soldiers, but he failed and was jailed for a while. In 1403 he was appointed as governor of Corsica by the French governor Boucicault; after his return from the island, he became a member of the Council of the Elders of the Republic of Genoa. On 4 July 1415 he was elected as 24th doge of the city, succeeding Barnaba Guano. He held that position until 23 November 1421 when, after obtaining the lordship of Sarzana, he had to renounce it. After a period in which Genoa was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spinetta Fregoso
Spinetta Fregoso (Genoa, 1400Gavi, 1467) was the 35th Doge of the Republic of Genoa. Biography Son of Spinetta I Fregoso and Benedetta Doria, and grandson of the former Doge Pietro Fregoso, he was born in the Genoese capital in a period around 1400. Despite the fact that his father exercised the role of podestà of Pera and then later as consul in Caffa, on behalf of the Republic of Genoa, Spinetta Fregoso spent his childhood and part of his adolescence in Genoa. The escape of the doge Prospero Adorno on July 17, 1461 led to the rise of the Fregoso as new successor of the dogal power, he appoints that of 18 July, the thirty-fifth in the history of republican Genoa, favored by the consent of the Genoese archbishop Paolo di Campofregoso. But the events that followed, among them the armed reaction of the cousin Lodovico Fregoso, soon forced the doge Spinetta to surrender and to renounce the dogate a few days later, in favor of Lodovico himself. In exchange he received the dog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paolo Di Campofregoso
Paolo di Campofregoso (1427 – 22 March 1498) was an Italian Catholic archbishop who was three times doge of Genoa. Biography The son of doge Battista Fregoso, he was convinced by Pope Nicholas V to study ecclesiastical matters at Pavia. In 1448, once finished with his studies, he was appointed canon of the cathedral of Savona, and in 1453 he became abbot of the Cistercian convent of Sant'Andrea at Savona. The same year, aged only 26, he was appointed archbishop of Genoa by request of his brother Pietro, the current doge. Pietro had become doge for the first time in 1450, succeeding his cousin Lodovico, who had resigned for unknown reasons. His rule ended in 1458 when the city surrendered itself to King Charles VII of France. Further strife with his cousin caused Lodovico to cede the title of doge to Paolo on 14 May 1462. His rule ended after just fifteen days, as he was replaced by five captains. The latter, in turn, lasted for only a week, after which Lodovico di Campofrego ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pietro Di Campofregoso
Pietro Campofregoso (1417 – 14 September 1459) was Doge of Genoa from 1450 to 1458. Biography Family He was a grandson of Tommaso di Campofregoso, he was a vassal of the Visconti of Milan, Visconti as lord of Gavi, Piedmont, Gavi. Married to Bartolomea Grimaldi, he had six sons, one of which, Battista Fregoso (1450-1505), Battista Fregoso, was later also doge of Genoa. Life as Doge He was elected as doge on 8 September 1450, succeeding his cousin Lodovico di Campofregoso. His rule was one of the most disastrous for the Genoese colonies, eastern colonies of the Republic of Genoa. In this period Genoa lost Beyoğlu, Pera in Turkey, Feodosiya, Caffa in Crimea and Chios in Greece, while the flourishing trade with those regions declined. In 1458, after turmoil with Turk and Aragonese soldiers, and with the Guelphs and Ghibellines, Ghibelline faction in Genoa, Pietro asked King Charles VII of France for help. This however turned into an effective submission of Genoa to Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pietro Fregoso
Pietro Fregoso (or Campofregoso; 1330 – 22 April 1404) was a statesman who became the 13th Doge of Genoa. Biography His birth date is not known precisely but his father was Rolando Fregoso and his mother Manfredina Fregoso. His brother Domenico was elected doge in 1370, and his nephew Giacomo became doge in 1390. Pietro became bachelor of law and joined the family's business involved in trade with the Orient. On the political scene, he obtained a number of positions including the role of Podestà of the city of Novi and, in 1373, he became admiral of the Republic and was in charge of the conquest of Cyprus. For his success in the Aegean, he was given a palace in Genoa, then ruled by his brother. On 15 July 1393, at the age of 63, he was elected doge after the ruling doge Antoniotto di Montaldo had stepped down for unknown reasons. But Pietro retained the dogeship only one day and ceded the position the very next day to Clemente Promontorio. After this short episode, Pietro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lodovico Di Campofregoso
Lodovico di Campofregoso (1415–1489) was an Italian nobleman who was three times doge of Genoa. Biography The son of Bartolomeo di Campofregoso and Caterina Ordelaffi, he was the brother of Giano I di Campofregoso. He studied under humanist Bartolomeo Ivani, who later was also educator of his sons. His first military command took place in 1437 when his uncle, doge Tommaso di Campofregoso, sent him to fight the Del Carretto marquisses in the Riviera di Ponente and the lower Piedmont. Later appointed as captain of the Republic of Genoa, he was charged with the suppression of the Hussites and Waldensians. In 1447, when Giano was elected doge, he held diplomatic positions in the court of Alfonso V of Aragon at Naples and in Rome. Here, Pope Nicholas V (also of Ligurian origins) appointed him as Lord of Corsica after the island had been completely subjugated to Genoa with the papal approval. Nicholas also gave him the lordship of Cyprus, where Lodovico sojourned for a period. In 14 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giano II Di Campofregoso
Giano II di Campofregoso (1455–1529) was the 43rd Doge of Genoa, ruling from 29 June 1512 to 25 May 1513. The son of Tommasino Fregoso and Caterina Malaspina, he first trained in Corsica, then moved to Rome where he received a cavalry command by Pope Julius II. In 1506, together with his kinsman Ottaviano di Campofregoso, he led an army against Genoa but halted his march after he was reconciled with the nobles who had allied with France. Julius subsequently assigned him the command of Lunigiana. In 1512 he led another military expedition against Genoa, which he freed from the last French garrisons. This victory gained him the title of doge on 29 June that year. His rule lasted for a year, after plots of the Fieschi and Adorno families led again the Republic towards the French King Louis XII. Giano left the city on a ship on 25 May 1513, serving the rival Republic of Venice as a land commander in the Wars in Lombardy. In 1516 he defeated the army of emperor Maximilian I in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
