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Flat-backed Millipede
Polydesmida (from the Greek ''poly'' "many" and ''desmos'' "bond") is the largest order of millipedes, containing approximately 3,500 species, including all the millipedes reported to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Description Members of the order Polydesmida are also known as "flat-backed millipedes", because on most species, each body segment has wide lateral keels known as paranota. These keels are produced by the posterior half (metazonite) of each body ring behind the collum. Polydesmids have no eyes, and vary in length from . Many of the larger species show bright coloration patterns which warn predators of their toxic secretions. Adults usually have 20 segments, counting the collum as the first ring and the telson as the last ring. Juveniles have from 7 to 19 rings. In species with the usual 20 segments, adult females have 31 pairs of legs, but in adult males, the eighth leg pair (the first leg pair of the 7th ring) is modified into a single pair of gonopods, leaving o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apheloria Virginiensis
''Apheloria virginiensis'', the Kentucky flat millipede, is a large North American millipede. It is reported to secrete cyanide compounds as a defense. It is recommended that one wash hands after handling this organism as the toxic compounds it secretes are poisonous and can cause extreme irritation if rubbed in the eyes. ''Apheloria virginiensis'' serves as a host to the parasitic fungus '' Arthrophaga myriapodina'', which causes infected individuals to climb to an elevated spot before death. References External links *Images of ''Apheloria virginiensis'' - BugGuide BugGuide (or BugGuide.net) is a website and online community of naturalists, both amateur and professional, who share observations of arthropods such as insects, spiders, and other related creatures. The website consists of informational guide p ... Polydesmida Millipedes of North America Animals described in 1770 Taxa named by Dru Drury {{myriapoda-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gonopod (millipede)
Gonopods are specialized appendages of various arthropods used in reproduction or egg-laying. In males, they facilitate the transfer of sperm from male to female during mating, and thus are a type of intromittent organ. In crustaceans and millipedes, gonopods are modified walking or swimming legs. Gonopods may be highly decorated with elaborate structures which may play roles in sperm competition, and can be used to differentiate and identify closely related species. Gonopods generally occur in one or more pairs, as opposed to the single (un-paired) reproductive organs such as the aedeagus of insects or the penis of harvestmen. Insects In insects, gonopods are appendages of the genital segment that may be used in insemination, or that comprise the egg-laying apparatus. Crustaceans In male decapod crustaceans, gonopods are modified swimming appendages (pleopods). The anterior two pair of pleopods in males are modified for sperm transferring, with differing degree of morphologi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelodesmoidea
Chelodesmidae, is a millipede family of order Polydesmida. The family includes 219 genera. Two new genera were described in 2012. Genera A *'' Achromoporus'' *'' Afolabina'' *'' Alassodesmus'' *'' Allarithmus'' *'' Alocodesmus'' *''Alyssa'' *'' Amphelictogon'' *'' Amphipeltis'' *'' Ancholeptodesmus'' *'' Ancylochetus'' *'' Aneurydesmus'' *'' Angelodesmus'' *'' Anisodesmus'' *'' Ankylophallus'' *'' Antillodesmus'' *'' Antrogonodesmus'' *'' Aplopododesmus'' *'' Arthromachus'' *'' Arthrosolaenomeris'' *'' Astrophogonus'' *'' Attemsiella'' *'' Atylophor'' B *'' Basacantha'' *'' Baianassa'' *'' Batodesmus'' *'' Beatadesmus'' *'' Belonodesmus'' *'' Benoitesmus'' *'' Biaporus'' *'' Biporodesmus'' *'' Brachyurodesmus'' *'' Brasilodesmus'' *'' Brasiloschubartia'' C *'' Callistocilla'' *'' Camptomorpha'' *'' Camptomorphoides'' *'' Cantabrodesmus'' *'' Caracodesmus'' *'' Caraibodesmus'' *'' Carlopeltis'' *'' Carloporus'' *'' Catharodesmus'' *'' Cay ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaalogonopodidae
Vaalogonopodidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Polydesmida. Genera: * ''Phygoxerotes'' Verhoeff, 1939 * ''Vaalogonopus'' Verhoeff, 1940 References {{Taxonbar, from=Q6448281 Polydesmida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dalodesmidae
Dalodesmidae is a family of millipedes in the order Polydesmida, containing at least 250 species found in the Southern Hemisphere. Distribution Species of Dalodesmidae are found in Australia (over 100 species), Madagascar, New Caledonia, New Zealand, South Africa, and southern South America (Chile and southern Brazil). Classification Dalodesmidae is one of the major families of the order Polydesmida, with at least 55 genera and 250 speciesWilliam Shear. (2011). Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness.—Zootaxa 3148:149—164. (with some estimates up to 340 species). It is related to the small family Vaalogonopodidae Vaalogonopodidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Polydesmida. Genera: * ''Phygoxerotes'' Verhoeff, 1939 * ''Vaalogonopus'' Verhoeff, 1940 References {{Taxonbar, from=Q6448281 Polydesmida ... (8 species) with which it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelodesmidae
Chelodesmidae, is a millipede family of order Polydesmida. The family includes 219 genera. Two new genera were described in 2012. Genera A *'' Achromoporus'' *'' Afolabina'' *'' Alassodesmus'' *'' Allarithmus'' *'' Alocodesmus'' *''Alyssa'' *'' Amphelictogon'' *'' Amphipeltis'' *'' Ancholeptodesmus'' *'' Ancylochetus'' *'' Aneurydesmus'' *'' Angelodesmus'' *'' Anisodesmus'' *'' Ankylophallus'' *'' Antillodesmus'' *'' Antrogonodesmus'' *'' Aplopododesmus'' *'' Arthromachus'' *'' Arthrosolaenomeris'' *'' Astrophogonus'' *'' Attemsiella'' *'' Atylophor'' B *'' Basacantha'' *'' Baianassa'' *'' Batodesmus'' *'' Beatadesmus'' *'' Belonodesmus'' *'' Benoitesmus'' *'' Biaporus'' *'' Biporodesmus'' *'' Brachyurodesmus'' *'' Brasilodesmus'' *'' Brasiloschubartia'' C *'' Callistocilla'' *'' Camptomorpha'' *'' Camptomorphoides'' *'' Cantabrodesmus'' *'' Caracodesmus'' *'' Caraibodesmus'' *'' Carlopeltis'' *'' Carloporus'' *'' Catharodesmus'' *'' C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xystodesmidae
Xystodesmidae is a family of millipedes. Its members often have very small distributional areas, with many species only known from a single locality. They are found across the northern hemisphere, with peak diversity in the Appalachian Mountains, where one-third of the 300 or so species occur. They are particularly abundant in deciduous broadleaf forests in the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, Asia, Central and North America, and Russia. Information on basic taxonomy is scant for this family; for example, it is estimated that the genus ''Nannaria'' contains over 200 species, but only 25 were described as of 2006. By 2022, 78 species in ''Nannaria'' have been described. Xystodesmidae contains many colorful and distinctive species, including '' Apheloria virginiensis'' of the eastern U.S. and '' Harpaphe haydeniana'' of the western U.S. The Sierra luminous millipedes of the genus ''Motyxia'' exhibit the only known examples of bioluminescence in the Polydesmida. Species of ''Apheloria'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paradoxosomatidae
Paradoxosomatidae, the only family in the suborder Paradoxosomatidea (also known as Strongylosomatidea), is a family of flat-backed millipedes in the order Polydesmida. Containing nearly 200 genera and 975 species , it is one of the largest families of millipedes. Paradoxosomatids occur on all continents except Antarctica, and can generally be distinguished by dorsal grooves on most body segments and a dumb-bell shaped gonopod aperture. Notable groups within the Paradoxosomatidae include the dragon millipedes of Southeast Asia, and the widely introduced greenhouse millipede '' Oxidus gracilis''. Description The family is characterised by several traits. Most species possess a groove or furrow ("sulcus") on the dorsal surface between the keels ( paranota) on each segment, and the keels of the second body segment are situated lower on the body than those of the first segment ( collum) and third segment. In males, the opening on the underside of the body where the gonopods (male ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family (biology)
Family ( la, familia, plural ') is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". What belongs to a family—or if a described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists. There are no hard rules for describing or recognizing a family, but in plants, they can be characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions, and there may be no broad consensus across the scientific community for some time. The publishing of new data and opini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suborder
Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes. An immediately higher rank, superorder, is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families. What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist, as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leaf Litter
Plant litter (also leaf litter, tree litter, soil litter, litterfall or duff) is dead plant material (such as leaves, bark, needles, twigs, and cladodes) that have fallen to the ground. This detritus or dead organic material and its constituent nutrients are added to the top layer of soil, commonly known as the litter layer or O horizon ("O" for "organic"). Litter is an important factor in ecosystem dynamics, as it is indicative of ecological productivity and may be useful in predicting regional nutrient cycling and soil fertility. Characteristics and variability Litterfall is characterized as fresh, undecomposed, and easily recognizable (by species and type) plant debris. This can be anything from leaves, cones, needles, twigs, bark, seeds/nuts, logs, or reproductive organs (e.g. the stamen of flowering plants). Items larger than 2 cm diameter are referred to as coarse litter, while anything smaller is referred to as fine litter or litter. The type of litterfall is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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