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Xystodesmidae
Xystodesmidae is a family of millipedes. Its members often have very small distributional areas, with many species only known from a single locality. They are found across the northern hemisphere, with peak diversity in the Appalachian Mountains, where one-third of the 300 or so species occur. They are particularly abundant in deciduous broadleaf forests in the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, Asia, Central and North America, and Russia. Information on basic taxonomy is scant for this family; for example, it is estimated that the genus ''Nannaria'' contains over 200 species, but only 25 were described as of 2006. By 2022, 78 species in ''Nannaria'' have been described. Xystodesmidae contains many colorful and distinctive species, including '' Apheloria virginiensis'' of the eastern U.S. and '' Harpaphe haydeniana'' of the western U.S. The Sierra luminous millipedes of the genus ''Motyxia'' exhibit the only known examples of bioluminescence in the Polydesmida. Species of ''Apheloria'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xystodesmidae Sp
Xystodesmidae is a family of millipedes. Its members often have very small distributional areas, with many species only known from a single locality. They are found across the northern hemisphere, with peak diversity in the Appalachian Mountains, where one-third of the 300 or so species occur. They are particularly abundant in deciduous broadleaf forests in the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, Asia, Central and North America, and Russia. Information on basic taxonomy is scant for this family; for example, it is estimated that the genus ''Nannaria'' contains over 200 species, but only 25 were described as of 2006. By 2022, 78 species in ''Nannaria'' have been described. Xystodesmidae contains many colorful and distinctive species, including ''Apheloria virginiensis'' of the eastern U.S. and ''Harpaphe haydeniana'' of the western U.S. The Sierra luminous millipedes of the genus ''Motyxia'' exhibit the only known examples of bioluminescence in the Polydesmida. Species of ''Apheloria'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Motyxia
''Motyxia'' is a genus of cyanide-producing millipedes (collectively known as Sierra luminous millipedes or motyxias) that are endemic to the southern Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi, and Santa Monica mountain ranges of California. Motyxias are blind and produce the poison cyanide, like all members of the Polydesmida. All species have the ability to glow brightly: some of the few known instances of bioluminescence in millipedes. Description Adult ''Motyxia'' reach 3 to 4 cm in length, 4.5 to 8 mm wide, with 20 body segments, excluding the head. Females are slightly larger than males. Like other polydesmidans ("flat-backed" millipedes) they lack eyes and have prominent paranota (lateral keels). They are typically tan to orange-pink in color (except ''M. pior''), with a dark mid-dorsal line. ''M. pior'' is the most variable in color, and ranges from dark gray to greenish-yellow to bright orange. They lack bumps on the metatergites (the dorsal plates possessing paranota), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sierra Luminous Millipede
''Motyxia'' is a genus of cyanide-producing millipedes (collectively known as Sierra luminous millipedes or motyxias) that are endemic to the southern Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi, and Santa Monica mountain ranges of California. Motyxias are blind and produce the poison cyanide, like all members of the Polydesmida. All species have the ability to glow brightly: some of the few known instances of bioluminescence in millipedes. Description Adult ''Motyxia'' reach 3 to 4 cm in length, 4.5 to 8 mm wide, with 20 body segments, excluding the head. Females are slightly larger than males. Like other polydesmidans ("flat-backed" millipedes) they lack eyes and have prominent paranota (lateral keels). They are typically tan to orange-pink in color (except ''M. pior''), with a dark mid-dorsal line. ''M. pior'' is the most variable in color, and ranges from dark gray to greenish-yellow to bright orange. They lack bumps on the metatergites (the dorsal plates possessing paranota), gi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parafontariinae
''Parafontaria'' is a genus of "flat-backed" millipedes (order Polydesmida) consisting of 13 species native to Japan, where they are referred to as train millipedes. This is because some species exhibit periodical swarming behavior during which large numbers congregate and can impact train passage when this congregation occurs on tracks. Documentation of this event goes back to 1920. Individuals vary from around as adults, and feed on leaf litter as well as soil, making them comparable to earthworm An earthworm is a terrestrial invertebrate that belongs to the phylum Annelida. They exhibit a tube-within-a-tube body plan; they are externally segmented with corresponding internal segmentation; and they usually have setae on all segments. Th ...s in facilitating decomposition and soil nutrient cycling. Species *'' Parafontaria crenata'' Shinohara, 1986 *'' Parafontaria doenitzi'' (Karsch, 1880) *'' Parafontaria erythrosoma'' (Takakuwa, 1942) *'' Parafontaria falci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parafontaria
''Parafontaria'' is a genus of "flat-backed" millipedes (order Polydesmida) consisting of 13 species native to Japan, where they are referred to as train millipedes. This is because some species exhibit periodical swarming behavior during which large numbers congregate and can impact train passage when this congregation occurs on tracks. Documentation of this event goes back to 1920. Individuals vary from around as adults, and feed on leaf litter as well as soil, making them comparable to earthworm An earthworm is a terrestrial invertebrate that belongs to the phylum Annelida. They exhibit a tube-within-a-tube body plan; they are externally segmented with corresponding internal segmentation; and they usually have setae on all segments. Th ...s in facilitating decomposition and soil nutrient cycling. Species *'' Parafontaria crenata'' Shinohara, 1986 *'' Parafontaria doenitzi'' (Karsch, 1880) *'' Parafontaria erythrosoma'' (Takakuwa, 1942) *'' Parafontaria falci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brachoria
''Brachoria'' is a genus of polydesmidan millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae inhabiting the Eastern United States. Also known as the Appalachian mimic millipedes, at least 30 species are known, with highest diversity in the Appalachian Mountains, especially the Cumberland Plateau and Ridge and Valley Province. Species of ''Brachoria'' are boldly patterned with yellow, orange, red, violet that contrasts with a black background, and in the Appalachians some species mimic species of ''Apheloria'' where they co-occur, a phenomenon known as Müllerian mimicry Species There are over 30 species of ''Brachoria'' which differ mainly in characteristics of the male gonopods (reproductive appendages), but since many species have very small known ranges, geographic location can aid in identification as well. * ''Brachoria badbranchensis'' * ''Brachoria blackmountainensis'' * ''Brachoria calceata'' * ''Brachoria campcreekensis'' * ''Brachoria cedra'' * ''Brachoria conta'' * ''Bracho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apheloria
''Apheloria'' is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae, occurring in the central and southeastern United States, and ranging as far north as southern Quebec, Canada.Hoffman, Richard L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications 8, pp. 293-296Marek, Paul; Tanabe, Tsutomu; Sierwald, Petra (2014''A Species Catalog of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)''.Special Publication 17. Virginia Museum of Natural History. pp. 7-9 They are aposematically colored in black and contrasting reds and yellows, and some species in the Appalachian Mountains resemble species of ''Brachoria'' where they co-occur, a phenomenon known as Müllerian mimicry Müllerian mimicry is a natural phenomenon in which two or more well-defended species, often foul-tasting and sharing common predators, have come to mimic each other's honest warning signals, to their mutual benefit. The bene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nannaria
The genus ''Nannaria'', commonly known as twisted-claw millipedes, is a genus of millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae first described by Ralph Chamberlin in 1918. In 2022, entomologists Derek Hennen, Jackson Means and Paul Marek discovered and described 17 new species, which expanded the size of ''Nannaria'' to 78, making it the largest genus of Xystodesmidae. Species These 78 species belong to the genus ''Nannaria'': * '' Nannaria acroteria'' Hennen, Means & Marek, 2022 * '' Nannaria aenigma'' Means, Hennen & Marek, 2021 * '' Nannaria alpina'' Means, Hennen & Marek, 2021 * '' Nannaria ambulatrix'' Means, Hennen & Marek, 2021 * '' Nannaria amicalola'' Hennen, Means & Marek, 2022 * '' Nannaria antarctica'' Hennen, Means & Marek, 2022 * '' Nannaria asta'' Means, Hennen & Marek, 2021 * '' Nannaria austricola'' Hoffman, 1950 * '' Nannaria blackmountainensis'' Means, Hennen & Marek, 2021 * '' Nannaria bobmareki'' Means, Hennen & Marek, 2021 * '' Nannaria botrydium'' Means, Hennen & ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polydesmida
Polydesmida (from the Greek language, Greek ''poly'' "many" and ''desmos'' "bond") is the largest order (biology), order of millipedes, containing approximately 3,500 species, including all the millipedes reported to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Description Members of the order Polydesmida are also known as "flat-backed millipedes", because on most species, each body segment has wide lateral keels known as paranota. These keels are produced by the posterior half (metazonite) of each body ring behind the collum (millipedes), collum. Polydesmids have no eyes, and vary in length from . Many of the larger species show bright coloration patterns which warn predators of their toxic secretions. Adults usually have 20 segments, counting the collum as the first ring and the telson as the last ring. juvenile (organism), Juveniles have from 7 to 19 rings. In species with the usual 20 segments, adult females have 31 pairs of legs, but in adult males, the eighth leg pair (the first leg pai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelodesmidea
Leptodesmidea is a suborder of flat-backed millipedes under the order Polydesmida Polydesmida (from the Greek language, Greek ''poly'' "many" and ''desmos'' "bond") is the largest order (biology), order of millipedes, containing approximately 3,500 species, including all the millipedes reported to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN .... References Polydesmida Arthropod suborders {{Myriapoda-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macellolophus
''Macellolophus'' is a genus of millipedes belonging to the family Xystodesmidae. The species of this genus are found in Spain, Gibraltar, and North Africa. Species There are two species: *''Macellolophus diadema'' – status uncertain *''Macellolophus rubromarginatus ''Macellolophus'' is a genus of millipedes belonging to the family Xystodesmidae. The species of this genus are found in Spain, Gibraltar, and North Africa. Species There are two species: *''Macellolophus diadema ''Macellolophus'' is a genus o ...'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q6448002 Xystodesmidae Myriapod genera Millipedes of Africa Millipedes of Europe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harpaphe Haydeniana
''Harpaphe haydeniana,'' commonly known as the yellow-spotted millipede, almond-scented millipede or cyanide millipede, is a species of polydesmidan ("flat-backed") millipede found in the moist forests along the Pacific coast of North America, from Southeast India to California. The dark coloration with contrasting yellow-tipped keels warn of its ability to exude toxic hydrogen cyanide as a defense. Despite the various common names given the species, the coloration pattern, cyanide defense, and associated almond scent occur in other flat-backed millipedes around the world. Description ''Harpaphe haydeniana'' reach a length of 4–5 centimeters (1.6–2 in) when mature. The upper surface of the body is black to olive green, and is distinctively marked along the sides with patches of a yellowish colour. ''H. haydeniana'' has approximately twenty body segments, bearing a total of 30 (males) or 31 (females) pairs of legs. The difference between males and females is due to one p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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