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Filter Setae
Filter, filtering or filters may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Filter (higher-order function), in functional programming * Filter (software), a computer program to process a data stream * Filter (video), a software component that performs some operation on a multimedia stream * Email filtering, the processing of email to organize it according to specified criteria * Content-control software also known as an Internet filter * Wordfilter, a script typically used on Internet forums or chat rooms * Berkeley Packet Filter, filter expression used in the qualification of network data * DSL filter, a low-pass filter installed between analog devices and a telephone line * Helicon Filter, a raster graphics editor * Filter (large eddy simulation), a mathematical operation intended to remove a range of small scales from the solution to the Navier-Stokes equations * Kalman filter, an approximating algorithm in optimal control applications and problems Device * Filter (che ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oil Filter
An oil filter is a filter designed to remove contaminants from engine oil, transmission oil, lubricating oil, or hydraulic oil. Their chief use is in internal-combustion engines for motor vehicles (both on- and off-road ), powered aircraft, railway locomotives, ships and boats, and static engines such as generators and pumps. Other vehicle hydraulic systems, such as those in automatic transmissions and power steering, are often equipped with an oil filter. Gas turbine engines, such as those on jet aircraft, also require the use of oil filters. Oil filters are used in many different types of hydraulic machinery. The oil industry itself employs filters for oil production, oil pumping, and oil recycling. Modern engine oil filters tend to be "full-flow" (inline) or "bypass". History Early automobile engines did not have oil filters, having only a rudimentary mesh sieve placed at the oil pump intake. Consequently, along with the generally low quality of oil available, very freque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optical Filter
An optical filter is a device that selectively transmits light of different wavelengths, usually implemented as a glass plane or plastic device in the optical path, which are either dyed in the bulk or have interference coatings. The optical properties of filters are completely described by their frequency response, which specifies how the magnitude and phase of each frequency component of an incoming signal is modified by the filter. Filters mostly belong to one of two categories. The simplest, physically, is the absorptive filter; then there are interference or dichroic filters. Many optical filters are used for optical imaging and are manufactured to be transparent; some used for light sources can be translucent. Optical filters selectively transmit light in a particular range of wavelengths, that is, colours, while absorbing the remainder. They can usually pass long wavelengths only (longpass), short wavelengths only (shortpass), or a band of wavelengths, blocking both lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filtration (mathematics)
In mathematics, a filtration \mathcal is an indexed family (S_i)_ of subobjects of a given algebraic structure S, with the index i running over some totally ordered index set I, subject to the condition that ::if i\leq j in I, then S_i\subseteq S_j. If the index i is the time parameter of some stochastic process, then the filtration can be interpreted as representing all historical but not future information available about the stochastic process, with the algebraic structure S_i gaining in complexity with time. Hence, a process that is adapted to a filtration \mathcal is also called non-anticipating, because it cannot "see into the future". Sometimes, as in a filtered algebra, there is instead the requirement that the S_i be subalgebras with respect to some operations (say, vector addition), but not with respect to other operations (say, multiplication) that satisfy only S_i \cdot S_j \subseteq S_, where the index set is the natural numbers; this is by analogy with a graded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filtering Problem (stochastic Processes)
In the theory of stochastic processes, filtering describes the problem of determining the state of a system from an incomplete and potentially noisy set of observations. While originally motivated by problems in engineering, filtering found applications in many fields from signal processing to finance. The problem of optimal non-linear filtering (even for the non-stationary case) was solved by Ruslan L. Stratonovich (1959, 1960), see also Harold J. Kushner's work and Moshe Zakai's, who introduced a simplified dynamics for the unnormalized conditional law of the filter known as Zakai equation. The solution, however, is infinite-dimensional in the general case. Certain approximations and special cases are well understood: for example, the linear filters are optimal for Gaussian random variables, and are known as the Wiener filter and the Kalman-Bucy filter. More generally, as the solution is infinite dimensional, it requires finite dimensional approximations to be implemented in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filters In Topology
Filters in topology, a subfield of mathematics, can be used to study topological spaces and define all basic topological notions such a convergence, continuity, compactness, and more. Filters, which are special families of subsets of some given set, also provide a common framework for defining various types of limits of functions such as limits from the left/right, to infinity, to a point or a set, and many others. Special types of filters called have many useful technical properties and they may often be used in place of arbitrary filters. Filters have generalizations called (also known as ) and , all of which appear naturally and repeatedly throughout topology. Examples include neighborhood filters/ bases/subbases and uniformities. Every filter is a prefilter and both are filter subbases. Every prefilter and filter subbase is contained in a unique smallest filter, which they are said to . This establishes a relationship between filters and prefilters that may often be ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filter (set Theory)
In mathematics, a filter on a set X is a family \mathcal of subsets such that: # X \in \mathcal and \emptyset \notin \mathcal # if A\in \mathcal and B \in \mathcal, then A\cap B\in \mathcal # If A,B\subset X,A\in \mathcal, and A\subset B, then B\in \mathcal A filter on a set may be thought of as representing a "collection of large subsets". Filters appear in order, model theory, set theory, but can also be found in topology, from which they originate. The dual notion of a filter is an ideal. Filters were introduced by Henri Cartan in 1937 and as described in the article dedicated to filters in topology, they were subsequently used by Nicolas Bourbaki in their book ''Topologie Générale'' as an alternative to the related notion of a net developed in 1922 by E. H. Moore and Herman L. Smith. Order filters are generalizations of filters from sets to arbitrary partially ordered sets. Specifically, a filter on a set is just a proper order filter in the special case where the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filter (mathematics)
In mathematics, a filter or order filter is a special subset of a partially ordered set (poset). Filters appear in order and lattice theory, but can also be found in topology, from which they originate. The dual notion of a filter is an order ideal. Filters on sets were introduced by Henri Cartan in 1937 and as described in the article dedicated to filters in topology, they were subsequently used by Nicolas Bourbaki in their book ''Topologie Générale'' as an alternative to the related notion of a net developed in 1922 by E. H. Moore and Herman L. Smith. Order filters are generalizations of this notion from sets to the more general setting of partially ordered sets. For information on order filters in the special case where the poset consists of the power set ordered by set inclusion, see the article Filter (set theory). Motivation 1. Intuitively, a filter in a partially ordered set (), P, is a subset of P that includes as members those elements that are large enoug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sieve
A sieve, fine mesh strainer, or sift, is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for controlling the particle size distribution of a sample, using a screen such as a woven mesh or net or perforated sheet material. The word ''sift'' derives from ''sieve''. In cooking, a sifter is used to separate and break up clumps in dry ingredients such as flour, as well as to aerate and combine them. A strainer (see Colander), meanwhile, is a form of sieve used to separate suspended solids from a liquid by filtration. Industrial strainer Some industrial strainers available are simplex basket strainers, duplex basket strainers, T-strainers and Y-strainers. Simple basket strainers are used to protect valuable or sensitive equipment in systems that are meant to be shut down temporarily. Some commonly used strainers are bell mouth strainers, foot valve strainers, basket strainers. Most processing industries (mainly pharmaceutical, coatings and liquid food indu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filtration (wine)
In winemaking, clarification and stabilization are the processes by which insoluble matter suspended in the wine is removed before bottling. This matter may include dead yeast cells ( lees), bacteria, tartrates, proteins, pectins, various tannins and other phenolic compounds, as well as pieces of grape skin, pulp, stems and gums.J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition, pp. 173, 661–62. Oxford University Press 2006 . Clarification and stabilization may involve fining, filtration, centrifugation, flotation, refrigeration, pasteurization, and/or barrel maturation and racking. Clarifying wine In wine tasting, a wine is considered " clear" when there are no visible particles suspended in the liquid and, especially in the case of white wines, when there is some degree of transparency. A wine with too much suspended matter will appear cloudy and dull, even if its aroma and flavor are unaffected; wines therefore generally undergo some kind of clarificati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fuel Filter
A fuel filter is a filter used to screens out foreign particles or liquids from the fuel. Most internal combustion engines use a fuel filter, in order to protect the components in the fuel system. Filters for foreign particles Unfiltered fuel may contain several kinds of contamination, for example paint chips and dirt that has entered the fuel tank while filling, or rust caused by moisture in a steel tank. If these substances are not removed before the fuel enters the system, they will cause rapid wear and failure of the fuel pump and injectors. The filters are normally made into cartridges containing a filter paper. Fuel filters need to be maintained or replaced at regular intervals. Filters for foreign liquids Some diesel engines use a bowl-like design to collect water in the bottom of the filter (as diesel floats on top of water). The water can then be drained off by opening a valve in the bottom of the bowl and letting it run out, until only the fuel remains. See also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coffee Filter
A coffee filter is a filter used for brewing coffee. Filters made of paper (disposable), or cloth, plastic, and metal (reusable) are used. The filter allows the liquid coffee to flow through, but traps the coffee grounds. Paper filters remove oily components called diterpenes; these organic compounds, present in unfiltered coffee, have anti-inflammatory properties. Metal or nylon mesh filters do not remove these components. History On July 8, 1908, the first paper coffee filter was invented by German entrepreneur Melitta Bentz Amalie Auguste Melitta Bentz (31 January 1873 – 29 June 1950), born Amalie Auguste Melitta Liebscher, was a German entrepreneur who invented the paper coffee filter brewing system in 1908. She founded the namesake company Melitta, which still .... She wanted to remove the bitter taste caused by overbrewing. She patented her invention and formed a company, Melitta, to sell the coffee filters, hiring her husband and two sons to assist her as the fir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
