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Fasih Khwafi
Fasih Ahmad ibn Jalal al-Din Muhammad Khwafi (died 1442) was a Persian bureaucrat and historian of the Timurid court. His major work was ''Mujmal i-Fasihi''. His lineage is obscure; his father's family was from Bakharz, and claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad; his mother was a native of Khwaf in the Khorasan region of eastern Iran. She was the granddaughter of the warlord Khvaja Majd, who ruled in Khwaf in the early 14th-century. Moreoever, her family also claimed descent from the Ghaznavid vizier Abu Nasr Mushkan. It was seemingly because of her illustrious descent that Fasih assumed the nisba of Khwafi (meaning "from Khwaf"). Despite his nisba, however, Fasih was from his father's birthplace of Bakharz, as reported by Uqayli. He was related to the bureaucrat Khvaja Qivam al-Din Nizam al-Mulk Khvafi Khvaja Qivam al-Din Nizam al-Mulk Khvafi was a Persian bureaucrat who served the Timurid Empire in the late 15th-century. His father was a provincial judge from Khwaf i ...
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Persians
The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. They share a common cultural system and are native speakers of the Persian language as well as of the languages that are closely related to Persian. The ancient Persians were originally an ancient Iranian people who had migrated to the region of Persis (corresponding to the modern-day Iranian province of Fars) by the 9th century BCE. Together with their compatriot allies, they established and ruled some of the world's most powerful empires that are well-recognized for their massive cultural, political, and social influence, which covered much of the territory and population of the ancient world.. Throughout history, the Persian people have contributed greatly to art and science. Persian literature is one of the world's most prominent literary traditions. In contemporary terminology, people from Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan who natively speak the Persian language are know ...
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Timurid Empire
The Timurid Empire ( chg, , fa, ), self-designated as Gurkani ( Chagatai: کورگن, ''Küregen''; fa, , ''Gūrkāniyān''), was a PersianateB.F. Manz, ''"Tīmūr Lang"'', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, as well as most of contemporary Pakistan and parts of contemporary North India and Turkey. The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, regarded himself as Genghis's heir, and associated much with the Borjigin. Timur continued vigorous trade relations with Ming China and the Golden Horde, with Chinese diplomats like Ma Huan and Chen Cheng regularly traveling west to Samarkand to buy and sell goods. The em ...
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Bakharz
Bakharz ( fa, باخرز, also known as Ostā-ye Bākharz ( fa, استای باخرز), Ostād, Ostād Bākharz, Ostay, and Usta) is a city and capital of Bakharz County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 6,854, in 1,661 families. Notable people * Ali ibn Hassan Bakharzi, poet and secretary * Sayf al-Din Bakharzi (al-Bakharzi) See also * List of cities, towns and villages in Razavi Khorasan Province A list of cities, towns and villages in Razavi Khorasan Province of north-eastern Iran: Alphabetical Cities are in bold text; all others are villages. A Ab Barg , Ab Barik , Ab Barik-e Bala , Ab Barik-e Olya , Ab Barik-e Sofla , Ab G ... References Populated places in Bakharz County Cities in Razavi Khorasan Province {{Bakharz-geo-stub ...
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Muhammad
Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد;  570 – 8 June 632 Common Era, CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Muhammad in Islam, Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet Divine inspiration, divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of Adam in Islam, Adam, Abraham in Islam, Abraham, Moses in Islam, Moses, Jesus in Islam, Jesus, and other Prophets and messengers in Islam, prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam. Muhammad united Arabian Peninsula, Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. Muhammad was born approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father Abdullah was the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, and he died a few months before Muhammad's birth. His mother Amina died when he was six, lea ...
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Khaf County
Khaf County ( fa, شهرستان خواف, ''Šahrestâne Xvâf'') is located in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. The capital of the county is Khaf. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 108,964, in 23,896 households. Retrieved 28 October 2022 At the 2016 census, the county's population was 138,972, in 36,399 households. The historical city of Zozan is located close to Khaf and has been submitted to World Heritage tentative lists by UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It .... Administrative divisions References Counties of Razavi Khorasan Province {{RazaviKhorasan-geo-stub ...
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Greater Khorasan
Greater Khorāsān,Dabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Tehran, Zavvâr: 1375 (Solar Hijri Calendar) 235–236 or Khorāsān ( pal, Xwarāsān; fa, خراسان ), is a historical eastern region in the Iranian Plateau between Western and Central Asia. The name ''Khorāsān'' is Persian and means "where the sun arrives from" or "the Eastern Province".Sykes, M. (1914). "Khorasan: The Eastern Province of Persia". ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', 62(3196), 279-286.A compound of ''khwar'' (meaning "sun") and ''āsān'' (from ''āyān'', literally meaning "to come" or "coming" or "about to come"). Thus the name ''Khorasan'' (or ''Khorāyān'' ) means "sunrise", viz. " Orient, East"Humbach, Helmut, and Djelani Davari, "Nāmé Xorāsān", Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Persian translation by Djelani Davari, published in Iranian Languages Studies Website. MacKenzie, D. (1971). ''A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary'' (p. 95). London: Oxford University ...
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Ghaznavid
The Ghaznavid dynasty ( fa, غزنویان ''Ġaznaviyān'') was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin, ruling, at its greatest extent, large parts of Persia, Khorasan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh, north of the Hindu Kush in Greater Khorasan. Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk dynasty after the Battle of Dandanaqan, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan (Punjab and Balochistan). In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to ...
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Abu Nasr Mushkan
Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Moshkan ( fa, ابو نصر منصور بن مُشكان), better simply known as Abu Nasr Moshkan (), was a Persian statesman who served as the head of the Ghaznavid chancery from 1011/2 till his death in 1039/40. His nephew, Tahir ibn Ali ibn Moshkan, known by his title of Thiqat al-Mulk, served as the ''vizier A vizier (; ar, وزير, wazīr; fa, وزیر, vazīr), or wazir, is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the near east. The Abbasid caliphs gave the title ''wazir'' to a minister formerly called ''katib'' (secretary), who was a ...'' of Sultan Mas'ud III (r. 1099-1115). Sources * * * * 1040 deaths Year of birth unknown 11th-century Iranian people Ghaznavid officials People from Khorasan {{Iran-stub ...
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Nisba (onomastics)
In Arabic names, a ' ( ar, نسبة ', "attribution"), also rendered as ' or ', is an adjective indicating the person's place of origin, tribal affiliation, or ancestry, used at the end of the name and occasionally ending in the suffix ''-iyy(ah)''. , originally an Arabic word, has been passed to many other languages such as Turkish, Persian, Bengali and Urdu. In Persian, Turkish, and Urdu usage, it is always pronounced and written as '. In Arabic usage, that pronunciation occurs when the word is uttered in its construct state only. The practice has been adopted in Iranian names and South Asian Muslim names. The can at times become a surname. Original use A "relation" is a grammatical term referring to the suffixation of masculine -''iyy'', feminine ''-iyyah'' to a word to make it an adjective. As an example, the word ''‘Arabiyy'' () means "Arab, related to Arabic, Arabian". forms are very common in Arabic names. Use in onomastics Traditional Arabic names do not incl ...
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Khvaja Qivam Al-Din Nizam Al-Mulk Khvafi
Khvaja Qivam al-Din Nizam al-Mulk Khvafi was a Persian bureaucrat who served the Timurid Empire in the late 15th-century. His father was a provincial judge from Khwaf in the Khorasan region of eastern Iran. According to the contemporary historian Isfizari, Qivam was a descendant of Fasih Khwafi's great-grandfather Khvaja Majd, who ruled in Khvaf in the early 14th-century. In 1471/2, the Timurid ruler of Khorasan, Sultan Husayn Bayqara (), appointed Qivam al-Din as his vizier. Together with another vizier Khvaja Afzal al-Din Muhammad Kirmani (appointed in 1473/4), Qivam al-Din plotted to have the powerful bureaucrat Majd al-Din Muhammad Khvafi dismissed through a charge of embezzlement. Pressurized by these two highly competent bureaucrats, Sultan Husayn first had Majd al-Din jailed (as was the tradition), and then started an investigation into the charge. An error on the part of the accusers, resulted in the release of Majd al-Din and drop of the charge. In June 1498, Qivam al-Din ...
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Historians From The Timurid Empire
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. Some historians are recognized by publications or training and experience.Herman, A. M. (1998). Occupational outlook handbook: 1998–99 edition. Indianapolis: JIST Works. Page 525. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere. Objectivity During the ''Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt'' trial, people became aware that the court needed to identify what was an "objective historian" in the same vein as the reasonable person, and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of "the man on the Clapham omnibus". This was necessary so that there would be a legal benchmark to compare and contrast the scholar ...
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15th-century Iranian Historians
The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian dates from 1 January 1401 ( MCDI) to 31 December 1500 ( MD). In Europe, the 15th century includes parts of the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. The architectural perspective, and the modern fields which are known today as banking and accounting were founded in Italy. The Hundred Years' War ended with a decisive French victory over the English in the Battle of Castillon. Financial troubles in England following the conflict resulted in the Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts ended with the defeat of Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century. Constantinople, known as the capital of the wo ...
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