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European Legislation Identifier
The European Legislation Identifier (ELI) provides, among others, a solution to uniquely identify and access national and European legislation online. This will guarantee easier access, exchange and reuse of legislation for public authorities, professional users, academics and citizens. ELI paves the way for a semantic web of legal gazettes and official journals. Elements of ELI ELI uses URI Templates (RFC 6570) that carry semantics both from a legal and an end-user point of view. Each Member State will build its own, self-describing URIs using the described components as well as taking into account their specific language requirements. All the components are optional and can be selected based on national requirements and do not have a pre-defined order. To enable the exchange of information the chosen URI template must be documented using the URI template mechanism. Example: :/eli//////////// Metadata In addition to HTTP URIs uniquely identifying legislation ELI encourages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Legislation
A directive is a legal act of the European Union that requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. Directives first have to be enacted into national law by member states before their laws are ruling on individuals residing in their countries. Directives normally leave member states with a certain amount of leeway as to the exact rules to be adopted. Directives can be adopted by means of a variety of legislative procedures depending on their subject matter. The text of a draft directive (if subject to the co-decision process, as contentious matters usually are) is prepared by the Commission after consultation with its own and national experts. The draft is presented to the Parliament and the Council—composed of relevant ministers of member governments, initially for evaluation and comment and then subsequently for approval or rejection. Justification There are justifications for using a directive rather than a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
URI Template
A URI Template is a way to specify a URI that includes parameters that must be substituted before the URI is resolved. It was standardized by RFC 6570 in March 2012. The syntax is usually to enclose the parameter in Braces (). The convention is for a parameter to not be Percent encoded unless it follows a Question Mark (?). Examples * http://example.com/people/-/SSN * http://example.com/query If we were building these URIs for Björk with ''firstName''=Björk and ''lastName''=Guðmundsdóttir they would be: * http://example.com/people/Björk-Guðmundsdóttir/SSN * http://example.com/query?firstName=Bj%c3%b6rk&lastName=Gu%c3%b0mundsd%c3%b3ttir See also * European Legislation Identifier (URI template is used by ELI) External links RFC6570 - URI Templateat the IETF The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a standards organization for the Internet and is responsible for the technical standards that make up the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). It has no formal membersh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HTTP
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite model for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web, where hypertext documents include hyperlinks to other resources that the user can easily access, for example by a mouse click or by tapping the screen in a web browser. Development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989 and summarized in a simple document describing the behavior of a client and a server using the first HTTP protocol version that was named 0.9. That first version of HTTP protocol soon evolved into a more elaborated version that was the first draft toward a far future version 1.0. Development of early HTTP Requests for Comments (RFCs) started a few years later and it was a coordinated effort by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), with work later moving to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ontology (information Science)
In computer science and information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definition of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, and entities that substantiate one, many, or all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how they are related, by defining a set of concepts and categories that represent the subject. Every academic discipline or field creates ontologies to limit complexity and organize data into information and knowledge. Each uses ontological assumptions to frame explicit theories, research and applications. New ontologies may improve problem solving within that domain. Translating research papers within every field is a problem made easier when experts from different countries maintain a controlled vocabulary of jargon between each of their languages. For instance, the definition and ontology of economics is a primary concern in Marxist econo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metadata
Metadata is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data, such as the text of a message or the image itself. There are many distinct types of metadata, including: * Descriptive metadata – the descriptive information about a resource. It is used for discovery and identification. It includes elements such as title, abstract, author, and keywords. * Structural metadata – metadata about containers of data and indicates how compound objects are put together, for example, how pages are ordered to form chapters. It describes the types, versions, relationships, and other characteristics of digital materials. * Administrative metadata – the information to help manage a resource, like resource type, permissions, and when and how it was created. * Reference metadata – the information about the contents and quality of statistical data. * Statistical metadata – also called process data, may describe processes that collect, process, or produce st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Information System
Legal information retrieval is the science of information retrieval applied to legal text, including legislation, case law, and scholarly works. Accurate legal information retrieval is important to provide access to the law to laymen and legal professionals. Its importance has increased because of the vast and quickly increasing amount of legal documents available through electronic means.Jackson et al., p. 60 Legal information retrieval is a part of the growing field of legal informatics. In a legal setting, it is frequently important to retrieve all information related to a specific query. However, commonly used boolean search methods (exact matches of specified terms) on full text legal documents have been shown to have an average recall rate as low as 20 percent,Blair, D.C., and Maron, M.E., 1985, p.293 meaning that only 1 in 5 relevant documents are actually retrieved. In that case, researchers believed that they had retrieved over 75% of relevant documents. This may result in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CELEX
Eur-Lex (stylized EUR-Lex) is an official website of European Union law and other public documents of the European Union (EU), published in 24 official languages of the EU. The Official Journal (OJ) of the European Union is also published on EUR-Lex. Users can access EUR-Lex free of charge and also register for a free account, which offers extra features. History Data processing of legal texts at the European Commission started way back in the 1960s, still using punch cards at the time. A system was being developed to capture relationships between documents and analyse them to extract and re-use metadata, but also to make retrieval easier. Through the years, the system and its scope grew as the Commission started collaborating with other institutions of the European Union and as the Union started expanding. It was named CELEX (Communitatis Europae Lex) and soon became a well-used interinstitutional tool. While initially used only internally, the system went through var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Case Law Identifier
The European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) is an identifier for court decisions in Europe. The identifier consists of five elements separated by colons: ECLI:''[country code]'':''[court identifier]'':''[year of decision]'':''[specific identifier]''. The standard is laid down in the Council of the European Union, Council Conclusions inviting the introduction of the European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) and a minimum set of uniform metadata for case law of the European Union. The ECLI framework also contains a set of uniform metadata to improve search facilities for case law. Court decisions that have an ECLI assigned can be indexed by thECLI Search Engineof thEuropean e-Justice portal History The concept of ECLI was first launched at the Legal Access Conference (Paris, December 2008) and at Jurix Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law in Florence (December 2008). Around the same time, the study by a task group of the EU Council Working Group on e-Law showed that accessibility ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lex (URN)
is a ''URN namespace'', a type of Uniform Resource Name (URN), that allows accurate identification of laws and other legal norms. LexML Brazil and Italy (Civil law countries) already officially recognize the ''URN LEX standard draft v0.9'', as a ''namespace'' for sources of law. Syntax The identifier has a hierarchical structure as follows: :"urn:lex:" where is the ''Namespace Specific String'' composed as follows: :::=":" where: : is the part providing the identification of the jurisdiction, generally corresponding to the country where the source of law is issued. : is the uniform name of the source of law in the country or jurisdiction where it is issued; its internal structure is common to the already adopted schemas. Illustrative examples of sources of law identified by URNs: urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2003-09-21;456 (Italian act) urn:lex:fr:etat:lois:2004-12-06;321 (French act) urn:lex:es:estado:ley:2002-07-12;123 (Spanish act) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EUR-Lex
Eur-Lex (stylized EUR-Lex) is an official website of European Union law and other public documents of the European Union (EU), published in 24 official languages of the EU. The Official Journal (OJ) of the European Union is also published on EUR-Lex. Users can access EUR-Lex free of charge and also register for a free account, which offers extra features. History Data processing of legal texts at the European Commission started way back in the 1960s, still using punch cards at the time. A system was being developed to capture relationships between documents and analyse them to extract and re-use metadata, but also to make retrieval easier. Through the years, the system and its scope grew as the Commission started collaborating with other institutions of the European Union and as the Union started expanding. It was named CELEX (Communitatis Europae Lex) and soon became a well-used interinstitutional tool. While initially used only internally, the system went through various de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
