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European Legislation Identifier
The European Legislation Identifier (ELI) ontology is a vocabulary for representing metadata about national and European Union (EU) legislation. It is designed to provide a standardized way to identify and describe the context and content of national or EU legislation, including its purpose, scope, relationships with other legislations and legal basis. This will guarantee easier identification, access, exchange and reuse of legislation for public authorities, professional users, academics and citizens. ELI paves the way for knowledge graphs, based on semantic web standards, of legal gazettes and official journals. History First established in the context of the European Forum of Official Gazettes on the initiative oJohn Dann director of the central service of legislation of Luxembourg, ELI has been further supported by the subgroup mandated by the Council of the European Union in the framework of the Working Party on E-Law. ELI stems from the acknowledgement that the World Wide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FRBRoo
The FRBRoo ("FRBR-object oriented") initiative is a joint effort of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model and FRBR, Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records international working groups to establish "a formal Ontology (computer science), ontology intended to capture and represent the underlying semantics of bibliographic information and to facilitate the integration, mediation, and interchange of bibliographic and museum information."FRBRoo Introduction . History The idea behind this initiative is that both the library and museum communities would benefit from harmonizing the FRBR and CIDOC reference models to better share library and museum information, particularly in light of the Semantic Web and the overall need to improve the interoperable, interoperability of digital libraries and museum information mana ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RDFa
RDFa or Resource Description Framework in Attributes is a W3C Recommendation that adds a set of attribute-level extensions to HTML, XHTML and various XML-based document types for embedding rich metadata within web documents. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) data-model mapping enables the use of RDFs for embedding RDF subject-predicate-object expressions within XHTML documents. RDFa also enables the extraction of RDF model triples by compliant user agents. The RDFa community runs a wiki website to host tools, examples, and tutorials. History RDFa was first proposed by Mark Birbeck in the form of a W3C note entitled ''XHTML and RDF'', which was then presented to the Semantic Web Interest Group at the W3C's 2004 Technical Plenary. Later that year the work became part of the sixth public Working Draft of XHTML 2.0. Although it is generally assumed that RDFa was originally intended only for XHTML 2, in fact the purpose of RDFa was always to provide a way to add metadata to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union Law
European Union law is a system of Supranational union, supranational Law, laws operating within the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). It has grown over time since the 1952 founding of the European Coal and Steel Community, to promote peace, social justice, a social market economy with full employment, and environmental protection. The Treaties of the European Union agreed to by member states form its constitutional structure. EU law is interpreted by, and EU case law is created by, the judicial branch, known collectively as the Court of Justice of the European Union. Legal Act of the European Union, Legal Acts of the EU are created by a variety of European Union legislative procedure, EU legislative procedures involving the popularly elected European Parliament, the Council of the European Union (which represents member governments), the European Commission (a cabinet which is elected jointly by the Council and Parliament) and sometimes the European Council (composed o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lex (URN)
is a ''URN namespace'', a type of Uniform Resource Name (URN), that allows accurate identification of laws and other legal norms. LexML Brazil and Italy (Civil law countries) officially recognize the ''URN LEX standard draft''. Brazil using LEX URNs since 2009, as a ''namespace'' for sources of law. The urn:lex was included in the official IANA list of "Formal URN Namespaces" in 2022, witits template as required by the IANA process. Syntax The URN syntax of the LEX identifier has a hierarchical structure as follows: :"urn:lex:" where is the ''Namespace Specific String'' composed as follows: :::=":" where: : is the part providing the identification of the jurisdiction, generally corresponding to the country where the source of law is issued. : is the uniform name of the source of law in the country or jurisdiction where it is issued; its internal structure is common to the already adopted schemas. Illustrative examples of sources of law identified by URNs: urn:lex:it:stato: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Case Law Identifier
The European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) is an identifier for court decisions in Europe. The identifier consists of five elements separated by colons: ECLI:'' ountry code':'' ourt identifier':'' ear of decision':'' pecific identifier'. The standard is laid down in the Council Conclusions inviting the introduction of the European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) and a minimum set of uniform metadata for case law of the European Union. The ECLI framework also contains a set of uniform metadata to improve search facilities for case law. Court decisions that have an ECLI assigned can be indexed by thECLI Search Engineof thEuropean e-Justice portal History The concept of ECLI was first launched at the Legal Access Conference (Paris, December 2008) and at Jurix Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law in Florence (December 2008). Around the same time, the study by a task group of the EU Council Working Group on e-Law showed that accessibility of judicial decisions, both at the nation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EUR-Lex
EUR-Lex is the official online database of European Union law and other public documents of the European Union (EU), published in 24 official Languages of the European Union, languages of the EU. The Official Journal of the European Union, Official Journal (OJ) of the European Union is also published on EUR-Lex. Users can access EUR-Lex free of charge and also register for a free account, which offers extra features. History Data processing of legal texts at the European Commission started way back in the 1960s, still using Punched card, punch cards at the time. A system was being developed to capture relationships between documents and analyse them to extract and re-use metadata, but also to make retrieval easier. Through the years, the system and its scope grew as the Commission started collaborating with other institutions of the European Union and as the Union started Enlargement of the European Union, expanding. It was named CELEX () and soon became a well-used interinstit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schema
Schema may refer to: Science and technology * SCHEMA (bioinformatics), an algorithm used in protein engineering * Schema (genetic algorithms), a set of programs or bit strings that have some genotypic similarity * Schema.org, a web markup vocabulary * Schema (logic) ** Axiom schema, in formal logic * Image schema, a recurring pattern of spatial sensory experience * Database schema * XML schema Other * Body schema, a neural representation of one's own bodily posture * Galant Schemata, stock phrases in Galant music * Schema (Kant), in philosophy * Schema (psychology), a mental set or representation * Schema Records, a jazz record label in Milan, Italy *, a solemn vow of asceticism of a monk in Orthodox monasticism ** Great Schema, the highest degree of Orthodox monasticism * ''Schema'' (fly), a genus of insects See also * Scheme (other) * Schematic * Skema (other) {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simple Knowledge Organization System
Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) is a W3C recommendation designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is part of the Semantic Web family of standards built upon RDF and RDFS, and its main objective is to enable easy publication and use of such vocabularies as linked data. History DESIRE II project (1997–2000) The most direct ancestor to SKOS was the RDF Thesaurus work undertaken in the second phase of the EU DESIRE project . Motivated by the need to improve the user interface and usability of multi-service browsing and searching, a basic RDF vocabulary for Thesauri was produced. As noted later in the SWAD-Europe workplan, the DESIRE work was adopted and further developed in the SOSIG and LIMBER projects. A version of the DESIRE/SOSIG implementation was described in W3C's QL'98 workshop, motivating early work on RDF rule and query languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JSON-LD
JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) is a method of encoding linked data using JSON. One goal for JSON-LD was to require as little effort as possible from developers to transform their existing JSON to JSON-LD. JSON-LD allows data to be serialized in a way that is similar to traditional JSON. It was initially developed by the JSON for Linking Data Community Group before being transferred to the RDF Working Group for review, improvement, and standardization, and is currently maintained by the JSON-LD Working Group. JSON-LD is a World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation. Design JSON-LD is designed around the concept of a "context" to provide additional mappings from JSON to an RDF model. The context links object properties in a JSON document to concepts in an ontology. In order to map the JSON-LD syntax to RDF, JSON-LD allows values to be coerced to a specified type or to be tagged with a language. A context can be embedded directly in a JSON-LD document or put in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Information System
Legal information retrieval is the science of information retrieval applied to legal text, including legislation, case law, and scholarly works. Accurate legal information retrieval is important to provide access to the law to laymen and legal professionals. Its importance has increased because of the vast and quickly increasing amount of legal documents available through electronic means.Jackson et al., p. 60 Legal information retrieval is a part of the growing field of legal informatics. In a legal setting, it is frequently important to retrieve all information related to a specific query. However, commonly used boolean search methods (exact matches of specified terms) on full text legal documents have been shown to have an average recall rate as low as 20 percent,Blair, D.C., and Maron, M.E., 1985, p.293 meaning that only 1 in 5 relevant documents are actually retrieved. In that case, researchers believed that they had retrieved over 75% of relevant documents. This may result ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) provides an extensible ontology for concepts and information in cultural heritage and museum documentation. It is the international standard (ISO 21127:2023) for the controlled exchange of cultural heritage information. Galleries, libraries, archives, museums ( GLAMs), and other cultural institutions are encouraged to use the CIDOC CRM to enhance accessibility to museum-related information and knowledge. History The CIDOC CRM emerged from the CIDOC Documentation Standards Group in the International Committee for Documentation of the International Council of Museums. Initially, until 1994, the work focused on developing an entity-relationship model for museum information, however, in 1996, the approach shifted to object-oriented modeling methodologies, resulting in the first ''"CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)"'' in 1999. The process of standardizing the CIDOC CRM began in 2000 and was completed in 2006 with its acceptance as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metadata
Metadata (or metainformation) is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data itself, such as the text of a message or the image itself. There are many distinct types of metadata, including: * Descriptive metadata – the descriptive information about a resource. It is used for discovery and identification. It includes elements such as title, abstract, author, and keywords. * Structural metadata – metadata about containers of data and indicates how compound objects are put together, for example, how pages are ordered to form chapters. It describes the types, versions, relationships, and other characteristics of digital materials. * Administrative metadata – the information to help manage a resource, like resource type, and permissions, and when and how it was created. * Reference metadata – the information about the contents and quality of Statistical data type, statistical data. * Statistical metadata – also called process data, may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
