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Eumedonia Eumedon
''Eumedonia eumedon'', the geranium argus, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Palearctic realm. This butterfly has been included in the genera ''Plebejus'', '' Plebeius'', ''Polyommatus'' and '' Aricia'', but recent molecular studies have demonstrated that ''Eumedonia'' is a valid genus, different from the previous genera mentioned. The wingspan is 26–30 mm. The butterfly flies from May to August depending on the location. The larvae feed on Geraniaceae species (genera '' Geranium'' and ''Erodium ''Erodium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the botanical family Geraniaceae. The genus includes about 60 species, native to North Africa, Indomalaya, the Middle East, and Australia. They are perennials, annuals, or subshrubs, with five-peta ...''). Description from Seitz L. eumedon Esp. (= chiron Rott.) (80 a). Above dark brown with white fringes and dark discocellular spot to the forewing; the female has small red anal submarginal spots on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugen Johann Christoph Esper
Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper (2 June 1742 – 27 July 1810) was a German zoologist and naturalist. Born in Wunsiedel in Bavaria, he was professor of zoology at Erlangen university. Life and work Eugen and his brother Friedrich were introduced to natural history at an early age by their father Friedrich Lorenz Esper, an amateur botanist. Encouraged to abandon his theology course by his professor of botany Casimir Christoph Schmidel (1718–1792) Eugen Esper, instead, took instruction in natural history. He obtained his doctorate of philosophy at the university of Erlangen in 1781 with a thesis entitled ''De varietatibus specierum in naturale productis''. The following year, he started to teach at the university initially as extraordinary professor, a poorly paid position, then in 1797 as the professor of philosophy. He directed the department of natural history in Erlangen from 1805. Thanks to him the university collections of minerals, birds, plants, shells and insect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butterfly
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the large superfamily (zoology), superfamily Papilionoidea, which contains at least one former group, the skippers (formerly the superfamily "Hesperioidea"), and the most recent analyses suggest it also contains the moth-butterflies (formerly the superfamily "Hedyloidea"). Butterfly fossils date to the Paleocene, about 56 million years ago. Butterflies have a four-stage life cycle, as like most insects they undergo Holometabolism, complete metamorphosis. Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in a chrysalis. When metamorphosis is complete, the pupal skin splits, the adult insect climbs o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae is the second-largest family of butterflies (behind Nymphalidae, brush-footed butterflies), with over 6,000 species worldwide, whose members are also called gossamer-winged butterflies. They constitute about 30% of the known butterfly species. The family comprises seven subfamilies, including the blues (Polyommatinae), the coppers (Lycaeninae), the hairstreaks (Theclinae), and the harvesters (Miletinae). Description, food, and life cycle Adults are small, under 5 cm usually, and brightly coloured, sometimes with a metallic gloss. Larvae are often flattened rather than cylindrical, with glands that may produce secretions that attract and subdue ants. Their cuticles tend to be thickened. Some larvae are capable of producing vibrations and low sounds that are transmitted through the substrates they inhabit. They use these sounds to communicate with ants.Pierce, N. E.; Braby, M. F.; Heath, A.; Lohman, D. J.; Mathew, J.; Rand, D. B. & Travassos, M. A. (2002)"The eco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palearctic Realm
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Siberian region; the Mediterranean Basin; the Sahara and Arabian Deserts; and Western, Central and East Asia. The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes, forming several freshwater ecoregions. The term 'Palearctic' was first used in the 19th century, and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification. History In an 1858 paper for the ''Proceedings of the Linnean Society'', British zoologist Philip Sclater first identified six terrestrial zoogeographic realms of the world: Palaearctic, Aethiopian/Afrotropic, Indian/Indomalayan, Australasian, Nearctic, and Neotropical. The six indicated general groupings of fauna, based on shared biogeography and large-scale geographic barriers to migration. Alfred Wallace ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plebejus
''Plebejus'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. Its species are found in the Palearctic and Nearctic realms. Taxonomy As a result of studies of molecular phylogenetics, numerous species that were included in ''Plebejus'' by some authors at the beginning of the 21st century have now been moved to separate genera again. These species may be found in ''Afarsia'', ''Alpherakya'', '' Agriades'', '' Aricia'', ''Eumedonia'', ''Icaricia'', ''Kretania'', '' Maurus'', ''Pamiria'', '' Patricius'', '' Plebejidea'', '' Plebulina'', and ''Rueckbeilia''. Species Species include: The ''ardis'' species-group: * ''Plebejus eversmanni'' (Lang, 1884) Kopet-Dagh, Ghissar, Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Tian-Shan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan * ''Plebejus baroghila'' (Tytler, 1926) Himalayas * ''Plebejus firuskuhi'' (Forster, 1940) Afghanistan * ''Plebejus kwaja'' (Evans, 1932) Baluchistan The ''argus'' species-group: * ''Plebejus aegidion'' (Gerhard, 1851) Central Asia * ''Plebejus argus'' (Li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyommatus
''Polyommatus'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. Its species are found in the Palearctic realm. Taxonomy Recent molecular studies have demonstrated that ''Cyaniris'', '' Lysandra'', and '' Neolysandra'' are different genera from ''Polyommatus'', where they had been included, sometimes as subgenera. Some authors still recognize other subgenera, such as ''Agrodiaetus'', ''Bryna'', ''Meleageria'', and ''Plebicula''. List of species References * (2012): Establishing criteria for higher-level classification using molecular data: the systematics of ''Polyommatus'' blue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ''Cladistics Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived cha ...''. 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00421.x * (2010): "How common are dot-like distributions? Taxon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aricia (butterfly)
''Aricia'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The genus was erected by Ludwig Reichenbach in 1817. Species Listed alphabetically within groups: * ''agestis'' group: **''Aricia agestis'' ( enis & Schiffermüller 1775) – brown argus **''Aricia artaxerxes'' (Fabricius, 1793) – northern brown argus **''Aricia cramera'' (Eschscholtz, 1821) – southern brown argus **''Aricia montensis'' Verity, 1928 * ''anteros'' group: **'' Aricia anteros'' (Freyer, 1838) – blue argus **'' Aricia bassoni'' Larsen, 1974 **'' Aricia crassipuncta'' (Christoph, 1893) **'' Aricia morronensis'' (Ribbe, 1910) – Spanish argus **'' Aricia vandarbani'' (Pfeiffer, 1937) * ''chinensis'' group: **''Aricia chinensis'' (Murray, 1874) * ''nicias'' group: **'' Aricia dorsumstellae'' (Graves, 1923) **'' Aricia hyacinthus'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 847 **'' Aricia isaurica'' (Staudinger, 1871) **''Aricia nicias ''Aricia nicias'', the silvery argus, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eumedonia
''Eumedonia'' is a Palearctic genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae Lycaenidae is the second-largest family of butterflies (behind Nymphalidae, brush-footed butterflies), with over 6,000 species worldwide, whose members are also called gossamer-winged butterflies. They constitute about 30% of the known butterf ... first described by Walter Forster in 1938. Species Listed alphabetically: *'' Eumedonia annulata'' (Elwes, 1906) Tibet *'' Eumedonia astorica'' (Evans, 1925) Northwest Himalayas *'' Eumedonia eumedon'' (Esper, 1780) – geranium argus *'' Eumedonia kogistana'' (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888) Darvaz, Pamirs *'' Eumedonia lamasem'' (Oberthür, 1910) Tibet *'' Eumedonia persephatta'' (Alphéraky, 1881) ) Hindu Kush - Tian-Shan, Pamirs-Alai *'' Eumedonia privata'' (Staudinger, 1895) West Himalayas References External links * * Polyommatini Lycaenidae genera {{Lycaenidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladistics (journal)
''Cladistics'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which has published research in cladistics since 1985. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Willi Hennig Society. ''Cladistics'' publishes papers relevant to evolution, systematics, and integrative biology. Papers of both a conceptual or philosophical nature, discussions of methodology, empirical studies on taxonomic groups from animals to bacteria, and applications of systematics in disciplines such as genomics, paleontology and biomedical epidemiology are accepted. Five types of paper appear in the journal: reviews, regular papers, forum papers, letters to the editor, and book reviews. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.254, ranking it 10th out of 50 journals in the category "Evolutionary Biology". Its editor-in-chief An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wingspan
The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (''Diomedea exulans'') caught in 1965 had a wingspan of , the official record for a living bird. The term wingspan, more technically extent, is also used for other winged animals such as pterosaurs, bats, insects, etc., and other aircraft such as ornithopters. In humans, the term wingspan also refers to the arm span, which is distance between the length from one end of an individual's arms (measured at the fingertips) to the other when raised parallel to the ground at shoulder height at a 90º angle. Former professional basketball player Manute Bol stood at and owned one of the largest wingspans at . Wingspan of aircraft The wingspan of an aircraft is always measured in a straight line, from wingtip to wingtip, independently of wing shape or sweep. Implications for aircraft design and anima ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus ''Geranium''. The family includes both the genus ''Geranium'' (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants called geraniums, which modern botany classifies as genus ''Pelargonium'', along with other related genera. The family comprises 830 species in five to seven genera. The largest genera are ''Geranium'' (430 species), ''Pelargonium'' (280 species) and ''Erodium'' (80 species). Description Geraniaceae are herbs or subshrubs. The ''Sarcocaulon'' are succulent, but other members of the family generally are not. Leaves are usually lobed or otherwise divided, sometimes peltate, opposite or alternate and usually have stipules. The flowers are generally regular, or symmetrical. They are hermaphroditic, actinomorphic (radially symmetrical, like in ''Geranium'') or slightly zygomorphic (with a bilateral symmetry, like in ''Pelargonium''). The calyx a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geranium
''Geranium'' is a genus of 422 species of annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as geraniums or cranesbills. They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, but mostly in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region. The palmately cleft leaves are broadly circular in form. The flowers have five petals and are coloured white, pink, purple or blue, often with distinctive veining. Geraniums will grow in any soil as long as it is not waterlogged. Propagation is by semiripe cuttings in summer, by seed, or by division in autumn or spring. Geraniums are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including brown-tail, ghost moth, and mouse moth. At least several species of ''Geranium'' are gynodioecious. The species ''Geranium viscosissimum'' (sticky geranium) is considered to be protocarnivorous. Name The genus name is derived from the Greek (''géranos'') or (''geranós'') ' crane'. The English name ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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