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Esperanto Literature
Literature in the Esperanto language began before the first official publication in Esperanto in 1887: the language's creator, L. L. Zamenhof, translated poetry and prose into the language as he was developing it as a test of its completeness and expressiveness, and published several translations and a short original poem as an appendix to the first book on the language, ''Unua Libro''. Other early speakers wrote poetry, stories, and essays in the language; Henri Vallienne was the first to write novels in Esperanto. The first female Esperanto novelist was Edith Alleyne Sinnotte with her book ''Lilio'' published in 1918''.'' Except for a handful of poems, most of the literature from Esperanto's first two decades is now regarded as of historical interest only. Between the two World Wars, several new poets and novelists published their first works, including several recognized as the first to produce work of outstanding quality in the still-young language: Julio Baghy, Eŭgeno Miĥal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esperanto
Esperanto ( or ) is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by the Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language" (). Zamenhof first described the language in '' Dr. Esperanto's International Language'' (), which he published under the pseudonym . Early adopters of the language liked the name ''Esperanto'' and soon used it to describe his language. The word translates into English as "one who hopes". Within the range of constructed languages, Esperanto occupies a middle ground between "naturalistic" (imitating existing natural languages) and ''a'priori'' (where features are not based on existing languages). Esperanto's vocabulary, syntax and semantics derive predominantly from languages of the Indo-European group. The vocabulary derives primarily from Romance languages, with substantial contributions from Ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment, and can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role. Literature, as an art form, can also include works in various non-fiction genres, such as biography, diaries, memoir, letters, and the essay. Within its broad definition, literature includes non-fictional books, articles or other printed information on a particular subject.''OED'' Etymologically, the term derives from Latin ''literatura/litteratura'' "learning, a writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from ''litera/littera'' "letter". In spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bible Translations Into Esperanto
The initiator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, translated the entire Hebrew Bible into Esperanto. His translation has been much admired by Esperantists and is widely held up as a model or exemplar for other Esperanto authors and translators. Other translators have also edited and published Esperanto versions of the New Testament and Apocrypha. Historical development New Testament A committee led by British clergy and scholars (J.C. Rust, B.J. Beveridge and C.G. Wilkinson) was formed to translate the New Testament and to review L. L. Zamenhof's translation of the Hebrew Bible for eventual publication by the British and Foreign Bible Society. The New Testament was completed in 1910 and published in 1912. The translation of the New Testament is influenced by the English King James Bible, so it closely follows the ''Textus Receptus'' rather than the more modern accepted text based on the most ancient Greek manuscripts. Old Testament Zamenhof translated the entire Masoretic Bible (known t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Varankin
Vladimir Valentinovich Varankin (12 November 1902 – 3 October 1938) was a Soviet writer of literature in Esperanto, an instructor of western European history, and director of the Moscow Ped. Instituto for foreign languages. He wrote the novel '' Metropoliteno''. Family background Varankin was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in an office worker's family. He was of Russian ethnicity. His father Valentin Yegorovich Varankin (died 1921), managed a savings bank until he was recruited into the Red Army. Varankin's mother, Nina Alekseyevna (died 1953), was a librarian. Besides Vladimir, the family had two other sons: Yuriy (born 1906, died 1988) and Vyacheslav (born 1916), who was still alive several years ago. Learning Esperanto, early Esperanto activity During his last year of study at the city high school (1919), he began learning Esperanto with several friends, boys and girls. Together with his equally young friends, he soon founded a little city circle of young Esperantists, which l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trevor Steele
Trevor Steele (born 1940) is an Australian Esperantist who has written numerous short stories and novels in Esperanto. Steele's work is strongly influenced by his travel experiences in Germany, Western Europe and elsewhere, and is further enriched by experiences in Asia and Australia, mainly concerning indigenous people's problems, which were his concern during his year and a half of working at the Australian education department. He wrote two important books about relationships between the indigenous and non-indigenous populations, ''Flugi kun kakatuoj'' (2010) — published in English as ''Soaring with cockatoos'' (2012) and in French as ''Comme un vol d'oiseaux sacrés'' (2013) — and ''Paradizo ŝtelita'' (''Paradise stolen'', 2012). His autobiography, ''Konvinka kamuflaĵo'' ("Convincing camouflage"), was published in 2014. Steele's books are grounded in authenticity, to which he adds a bit of fantasy. Except for ''Apenaŭ papilioj en Bergen-Belsen'', originally written in E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raymond Schwartz
Raymond Schwartz (8 April 1894 – 14 May 1973) was a French banker and Esperanto author who wrote many poems and novels in Esperanto, as well as skits which he directed for Parisian Esperanto cabarets. Biography Schwartz was born into a French-speaking family in Metz, a city in Alsace-Lorraine (German: ''Elsass-Lothringen'') that from the 1871 to the 1918 was part of Germany. He received a good education in Metz and spoke not only French and German often but also Latin and Greek. Very early he became an Esperantist and dreamt of a better future through the diffusion of Esperanto. World War I, when he was conscripted into the German army and had to fight on the Eastern Front, was a disaster for him as a pacifist and for the Esperanto movement in general. After the war he did not remain in Metz, now again a French city, but moved to Paris, where he worked in a large banking firm until his retirement. Esperanto writings Between the wars he published in different periodical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baldur Ragnarsson
Baldur Ragnarsson (25 August 1930 – 25 December 2018) was an Icelandic poet and author of Esperanto works. He was a teacher and a superintendent of schools in Iceland. Esperanto Baldur learned Esperanto at school in 1949 and was active in the movement to promote the use of this language since 1952. He was president of the Icelandic Esperanto Association for many years. He presided over the World Esperanto Association's literary contest from 1975 to 1985. He was president of the organizing committee for the 1977 World Esperanto Congress at Reykjavík and vice-president of the World Esperanto Association in charge of culture and education from 1980 to 1986. He was thereafter an honorary member of this organization. A Member of the Esperanto Academy since 1979, he was editor of the journal '' Norda Prismo'' from 1958 to 1974. In 2007 the Association of Esperanto-speaking authors (''Esperantlingva Verkista Asocio'') nominated him as their candidate for the Nobel Prize in L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederic Pujulà I Vallès
Frederic Pujulà i Vallès () (12 November 1877 – 14 February 1962) was a Spanish journalist, dramatist, and a passionate Esperantist and contributor to the field of Esperanto literature. Born in Palamós, Girona, he travelled through Europe and stayed for a long time in Paris. He was involved in ''Joventut'' (1900–1906), the best "modernisme" review of Catalonia. During World War I, he fought with the French army. Vallès wrote "Homes Artificials" (''Artificial Men'') which is the first short science fiction novel in the canon of Catalan literature. It was originally published in 1912, by Biblioteca Joventut in Barcelona. In this novel, the protagonist Doctor Pericart wants to obtain a new society, unsocialized and perfect. Transformed into a demigod, he creates a group of individualized androids, which will be the seeds of the new society. In 1914, he was in Paris with his first wife, where he was organizing en International Convention of Esperanto. When that very year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mauro Nervi
Mauro Nervi (born 1959) is an Italian poet in the Esperanto language. Nervi was born in La Spezia, a port town in northern Italy. A student of medicine, he gained his M.D. as a general surgeon. Since 1984 he has worked in the department of surgery at the University of Pisa. Afterwards, he received a Ph.D. in 1994 in German and a Ph.D. in classical literature in 1999 from the same university. Since 1995 he has written critical material on Kafka, Goethe, Kleist and Holderlin in cooperation with the Department of German Studies. Nervi married with Angela in 1992 and has two daughters, Serena (2002) and Dorabella (2005). He is now interested in philosophy and logic. Works Nervi first gained renown for his poems when he was only 18 years old, and 1978 saw the publication of his first collection ''La turoj de l' ĉefurbo'' ("The Towers of the Capital"). Although in retrospect some parts are immature, here the young Nervi already showed impressive skill. From his knowledge of cla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov
Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov (russian: Николай Владимирович Некрасов) (18 December 1900 – 4 October 1938) was a Soviet Esperanto writer, translator, and critic. Biography Nekrasov was born in Moscow. A journalist, he worked in the publishing house ''Moscow worker''. He learned Esperanto in 1915. Esperanto activity, editorial work, and articles In 1918–19, he was president of the ''Tutrusia Ligo de junaj esperantistoj'' (All-Russia League of Young Esperantists), and editor and typesetter of ''Juna Mondo'' (''Young World''). On 1 June 1922 Nekrasov together with Gregory Demidyuk founded the cultural review '' La Nova Epoko'' (''The New Epoch''), which became one of the organs of SAT. In 1923 he became a member of the Central Committee of Sovetlanda Esperantista Unuiĝo (SEU) (ru: Soyuz Esperantistov Sovetskikh Stran), then under the leadership of Ernest Drezen. He was especially concerned with the history and criticism of Esperanto literatu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sten Johansson
The STEN (or Sten gun) is a family of British submachine guns chambered in 9×19mm which were used extensively by Commonwealth of Nations, British and Commonwealth forces throughout World War II and the Korean War. They had a simple design and very low production cost, making them effective insurgency weapons for resistance groups, and they continue to see usage to this day by irregular military forces. The Sten served as the basis for the Sterling submachine gun, which replaced the Sten in British service until the 1990s, when it, and all other submachine guns, were replaced by the SA80. The Sten is a select fire, blowback-operated weapon which mounts its magazine on the left. Sten is an acronym, from the names of the weapon's chief designers, Major Reginald V. Shepherd and Harold J. Turpin, and "En" for the Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield factory. Over four million Stens in various versions were made in the 1940s, making it the second most produced submachine gun of the Seco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoni Grabowski
Antoni Grabowski (11 June 1857 – 4 July 1921)Julius Glück, ''El la klasika periodo de Esperanto (Grabowski kaj Kabe)'', en Muusses Esperanto Biblioteko No. 5, Purmerend, 1937. p. 6. was a Polish chemical engineer, and an activist of the early Esperanto movement. His translations had an influential impact on the development of Esperanto into a language of literature. Education and career Grabowski was born in Nowe Dobra, a village 10 km northeast of Chełmno. Soon after his birth, the family moved from Nowe Dobra to Thorn, Prussia (now Toruń, Poland). Due to his parents' poverty, Grabowski had to start working soon after leaving elementary school. Nevertheless, he prepared himself, driven by a great desire to learn, to take the entrance exam for grammar school ( Gymnasium), which he passed with flying colours. At the Copernicus School in Thorn, after demonstrating a knowledge far exceeding others of his age, he twice skipped a grade. In 1879, the family's financial situ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
