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Eran-asan-kerd-Kawad
Eran-asan-kerd-Kawad or Iran asan kar(t) Kavad ( pal, 饜瓲饜饜饜瓲饜饜瓲饜饜瓲饜饜饜饜饜饜瓲饜 示yl示n示s示nklkw示t, meaning "Kavad asmade 膾r膩n peaceful") was a Sasanian city founded by Kavad I () in the Hulwan region. It was the capital of a province possibly identical to the Hulwan region and bordering the provinces of Syarazur (Shahrizor) and Garamig. The geographer Josef Markwart placed the city between Adiabene and Garamig. It is mentioned in both Armenian sources and the Middle Persian ''艩ahrest膩n墨h膩 墨 膾r膩n拧ahr ''艩ahrest膩n墨h膩 墨 膾r膩n拧ahr'' (literally ''"The Provincial Capitals of Iran"'') is a surviving Middle Persian text on geography, which was completed in the late eighth or early ninth centuries AD. The text gives a numbered list of the cities ...'' ("Provincial Capitals of 膾r膩n"). References Sources * * * * {{citation, editor-last=Yarshater, editor-first=Ehsan, editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater, title=The Cambridge History of Iran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kavad I
Kavad I ( pal, 饜饜饜瓲饜 ; 473 鈥 13 September 531) was the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 488 to 531, with a two or three-year interruption. A son of Peroz I (), he was crowned by the nobles to replace his deposed and unpopular uncle Balash (). Inheriting a declining empire where the authority and status of the Sasanian kings had largely ended, Kavad tried to reorganize his empire by introducing many reforms whose implementation was completed by his son and successor Khosrow I. They were made possible by Kavad's use of the Mazdakite preacher Mazdak leading to a social revolution that weakened the authority of the nobility and the clergy. Because of this, and the execution of the powerful king-maker Sukhra, Kavad was imprisoned in the Castle of Oblivion ending his reign. He was replaced by his brother Jamasp. However, with the aid of his sister and an officer named Siyawush, Kavad and some of his followers fled east to the territory of the Hephthalite king who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran (word)
The modern Persian name of Iran () means "the land of Aryans". It derives immediately from the 3rd-century Sasanian Middle Persian ( Pahlavi spelling: 饜瓲饜饜饜瓲饜, ''始yr始n''), where it initially meant "of the Iranians", but soon also acquired a geographical connotation in the sense of "(lands inhabited by) Iranians". In both geographic and demonymic senses, ''膿r膩n'' is distinguished from its antonymic ''an膿r膩n'', meaning "non-Iran(ian)"... In the geographic sense, ''膿r膩n'' was also distinguished from ''膿r膩n拧ahr'', the Sasanians' own name for their empire, and which also included territories that were not primarily inhabited by ethnic Iranians. :Fa:賳丕賲鈥屬囏й 丕蹖乇丕賳 In pre-Islamic usage The word ''膿r膩n'' is first attested in the inscriptions that accompany the investiture relief of Ardashir I (''r.'' 224鈥242) at Naqsh-e Rustam. In this bilingual inscription, the king calls himself "Ardashir, king of kings of the Iranians" (Middle Persian: '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the History of Iran, last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th centuries AD. Named after the Sasanian dynasty, House of Sasan, it endured for over four centuries, from 224 to 651 AD, making it the longest-lived List of monarchs of Persia, Persian imperial dynasty. The Sasanian Empire succeeded the Parthian Empire, and re-established the Persians as a major power in late antiquity alongside its neighbouring arch-rival, the Roman Empire (after 395 the Byzantine Empire).Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21鈥26 August 2006, Volumes 1鈥3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 2006 The empire was founded by Ardashir I, an Iranian ruler who rose to po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hulwan
Hulwan ( fa, 丨賱賵丕賳) was an ancient town on the Zagros Mountains in western Iran, located on the entrance of the Paytak Pass, nowadays identified with the town of Sarpol-e Zahab. History Later Arab tradition, as recorded by al-Tabari, considered the town a Sasanian foundation dating to Kavadh I (reigned 488鈥496, 498鈥531), but it is far more ancient: it was known since Assyrian times as Khalmanu, when it lay on the border between Babylonia and Media. To the Seleucids, it was known as Chala ( el, 围维位伪) and was the capital of the district of Chalonitis (围伪位蠅谓峥栂勎瓜). According to Diodorus Siculus, the name derives from the settlement of Greek captives from Boeotia by Xerxes, who founded the town of Celonae or Kelonai (螝苇位蠅谓伪喂). Under the Sasanian Empire, the district of Hulwan was called husrawShad Peroz ("the joy of Khusraw the victorious"), and the city itself probably Peroz Kavad ("victorious Kavad"). After the Muslim conquest of Persia, the words we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahrizor
Shahrizor or Shahrazur () is a region part of Kurdistan Region, Iraq situated in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate and west of Avroman. Shahrizor is a fertile plain watered by the tributaries of Tandjaro river which flows to Diyala and Tigris rivers. Etymology The name ''Shahrazur'' is likely derived from two Iranian words: ''shah'' (king) and (forest), hence sharazur meaning ''kingly forest''. Herzfeld based on the fact that in classical sources the name was spelt with an initial /s/ rather /sh/, suggested ''white forest'', which he connected with the Avestan legends. Indeed, to this day the plain of Sharazur has an important status among adherents of native religion of Yarsan as a holy and sacred region where God descends for the Last Judgement. The 12th century geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, based on folk etymology interpreted origin of name Sharazur, from the name of the son of Zahhak, whom he mentions as founder of the famous city of Sharazor. History Extensive archaeological r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garamig
Garmekan or Garamig (Middle Persian: ''Garam墨k膩n''/''Garmag膩n)''Morony, Michael (1989a)"B膾峁 GARM膾" Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 2. p. 187. was an early Sasanian province located in northern Mesopotamia, between the Little Zab and Diyala river. Its capital was Karka d-Beth Slokh. The province is omitted in Shapur I's () list of provinces in the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht inscription, which indicates that it was part of Nodshiragan during that period. Garmekan is first attested as a Sasanian province in the Paikuli inscription of Narseh () in 293/4, who describes how the aristocracy of Asoristan, Garmekan, and Shahrazur met him at Hayan i Nikatra in order to convince him to the become the new king. Before the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 410, Garmekan had been merged with the province of Nodshiragan, becoming known as Garamig ud Nodardashiragan Garamig ud Nodardashiragan was a late Sasanian province in present-day northern Iraq. The province was a combination of two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josef Markwart
Josef Markwart (originally spelled Josef Marquart: December 9, 1864 in Reichenbach am Heuberg – February 4, 1930 in Berlin) was a German historian and orientalist. He specialized in Turkish and Iranian Studies and the history of the Middle East. The ''Encyclop忙dia Iranica'' wrote that "His books are full of profound and nearly inexhaustible erudition, revealing that their author was a learned historian, philologist, geographer, and ethnologist." The encyclopedia cited his 1901 book ''膾r膩n拧ahr'' as "still an authoritative work and probably his most important." Biography He attended T眉bingen University in Germany, where he studied Catholic theology, and then later switched his studies to classical philology and history. In 1889 he worked as an assistant to Eugen Prym, an orientalist author. His doctoral thesis ''Assyriaka des Ktesias'' was accepted and he graduated in 1892. In 1897 he began as a lecturer in ancient history. In 1900 he moved to Leiden, The Netherlan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adiabene
Adiabene was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria. The size of the kingdom varied over time; initially encompassing an area between the Zab Rivers, it eventually gained control of Nineveh, and starting at least with the rule of Monobazos I (late 1st-century BC), Gordyene became an Adiabenian dependency. It reached its zenith under Izates II, who was granted the district of Nisibis by the Parthian king Artabanus II () as a reward for helping him regain his throne. Adiabene's eastern borders stopped at the Zagros Mountains, adjacent to the region of Media. Arbela served as the capital of Adiabene. The formation of the kingdom is obscure. The first instance of a recorded Adiabenian ruler is in 69 BC, when an unnamed king of Adiabene participated in the battle of Tigranocerta as an ally of the Armenian king Tigranes the Great (). However, coinage implies the establishment of a kingdom in Adiabene around 164 BC, followi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Language
Armenian ( classical: , reformed: , , ) is an Indo-European language and an independent branch of that family of languages. It is the official language of Armenia. Historically spoken in the Armenian Highlands, today Armenian is widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora. Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405 AD by the priest Mesrop Mashtots. The total number of Armenian speakers worldwide is estimated between 5 and 7 million. History Classification and origins Armenian is an independent branch of the Indo-European languages. It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological changes within that family. Armenian exhibits more satemization than centumization, although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, Greek (and Phrygian) and Indo-Iranian were dialectally close to each other;''Handbook of Formal Languages'' (1997p. 6 wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Persian
Middle Persian or Pahlavi, also known by its endonym P膩rs墨k or P膩rs墨g () in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle Persian continued to function as a prestige language. It descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian, an official language of Iran, Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan ( Tajik). Name "Middle Iranian" is the name given to the middle stage of development of the numerous Iranian languages and dialects. The middle stage of the Iranian languages begins around 450 BCE and ends around 650 CE. One of those Middle Iranian languages is Middle Persian, i.e. the middle stage of the language of the Persians, an Iranian people of Persia proper, which lies in the south-western highlands on the border with Babylonia. The Persians called their language ''Parsik'', meaning "Persian". Anot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
艩ahrest膩n墨h膩 墨 膾r膩n拧ahr
''艩ahrest膩n墨h膩 墨 膾r膩n拧ahr'' (literally ''"The Provincial Capitals of Iran"'') is a surviving Middle Persian text on geography, which was completed in the late eighth or early ninth centuries AD. The text gives a numbered list of the cities of Eranshahr and their history and importance for Persian history. The text itself has indication that it was also redacted at the time of Khosrow II (r. 590鈥628) in 7th century as it mentions several places in Africa and Persian Gulf conquered by the Sasanians. The book serves as a source for works on Middle Iranian languages, a source on Sasanian administrative geography and history, as well as a source of historical records concerning names of the Sasanian kings as the builder of the various cities. The text provide information on the Persian epic, the '' Xwad膩y-n膩mag'' (''lit.'' 鈥淏ook of Kings鈥). The book may be the same as "Ay膩dg膩r 墨 艩ahr墨h膩" (''lit.'' 鈥淢emoir of Cities") named in the ''Bundahishn'' and said to have b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sasanian Cities
The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the History of Iran, last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th centuries AD. Named after the Sasanian dynasty, House of Sasan, it endured for over four centuries, from 224 to 651 AD, making it the longest-lived List of monarchs of Persia, Persian imperial dynasty. The Sasanian Empire succeeded the Parthian Empire, and re-established the Persians as a major power in late antiquity alongside its neighbouring arch-rival, the Roman Empire (after 395 the Byzantine Empire).Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21鈥26 August 2006, Volumes 1鈥3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 2006 The empire was founded by Ardashir I, an Iranian ruler who rose to po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
