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Epanterii
The Epanterii or Epanterii Montani were a small Ligurian tribe dwelling in the lower Alps, near the Mediterranean coast, during the Iron Age. Name They are only mentioned once as ''Epanterii Montani'' by Livy (late 1st c. BC). The name ''Epanterii'' appears to be of Indo-European origin. It can be interpreted as deriving from a stem ''*ep-ant-'', that is, 'belonging to the horse' or 'provided with horses'. Geography The Epanterii dwelled in the lower Alps, near the Mediterranean coast. The exact location of their territory remains uncertain. It was possibly situated in the upper Tanarus valley, north of the Intimilii and Ingauni, and east of the Ecdinii and Vesubiani., Map 16: Col. Forum Iulii-Albingaunum. History By the 3rd century BC, the prosperity of thriving Ligurian coastal centres led to recurrent conflicts with mountainous tribes conducting raids on their richer neighbours. During the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), the Carthaginian Mago Barca made an alliance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ingauni
The Ingauni were a Celto-Ligurian tribe dwelling on the Mediterranean coast, around the modern city of Albenga (Liguria), during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Ingauni'' by Livy (late 1st c. BC), ''Ingaunoi'' (”Iγγαυνοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), and as ''Ingaunis'' by Pliny the Elder, Pliny (1st c. AD)., s.v. ''Ingauni'' and ''Album Ingaunum''. A Celtic etymology has been suggested by Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, who derives the name ''Ingauni'' from *''Pingāmnī'' (‘the painted ones'), with loss of initial ''p''-, which would be semantically comparable to the ethnonym ''Picti'' (Picts). According to her, such linguistically Celtic tribal names suggest that a Celto-Ligurian dialect played an important role among the languages spoken in ancient Ligury. The modern city of Albenga, attested as ''oppidum Album Ingaunum'' by Pliny and as ''Albingaunum'' by Strabo, is named after the Ligurian tribe. Geography The Ingauni lived on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intimilii
The Intimilii or Intemelii were a Ligurian tribe dwelling on the Mediterranean coast, around present-day Ventimiglia, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Intimilii'' by Caelius Rufus (49 BC), ''Intemelii'' by Livy (late 1st c. BC), and as ''Intemélioi'' (Ἰντεμέλιοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD). The modern city of Ventimiglia, attested as ''oppidum Album Intimilium'' by Pliny (1st c. AD) and as ''Álbion Intemélion'' (Ἄλβιον Ἰντεμέλιον) by Strabo, is named after the Ligurian tribe. The ethnic name ''Intimilii'' appears to be of Indo-European origin. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel has proposed to interpret their chief town, ''Album Intimilium'', as stemming from an earlier *''Albion Vindi-mell-ion'' ('the white-hill town'). Geography The Intemelli dwelled on the Mediterranean coast, east of Mont Agel around the town of Album Intimilium (modern Ventimiglia). Their territory was located east of the Vediantii, wes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ligures
The Ligures (singular Ligur; Italian: liguri; English: Ligurians) were an ancient people after whom Liguria, a region of present-day north-western Italy, is named. Ancient Liguria corresponded more or less to the current Italian region of Liguria. However, this region was much larger than today's borders. To the north the boundary was the Po river in present-day Piedmont, to the west it was the Var river in the Alpes Maritimes, to the east it was the Magra river as is still the case . And to the south, the region has been bordered since the dawn of time by the Ligurian Sea. This region is therefore very mountainous including the south of the Alps and the Ligurian Apennines. Little is known about the ancient language of the Ligurians because there are no known written records or inscriptions in it, and because it is not known where the ancient Ligurian people originally came from, an autochthonous origin is increasingly probable. This mysterious alphabet is found th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron Age Europe
In Europe, the Iron Age is the last stage of the prehistoric period and the first of the protohistoric periods,The Junior Encyclopædia Britannica: A reference library of general knowledge. (1897). Chicago: E.G. Melvin. (seriously? 1897 "Junior" encyclopedia? which initially meant descriptions of a particular area by Greek and Roman writers. For much of Europe, the period came to an abrupt end after conquest by the Romans, though ironworking remained the dominant technology until recent times. Elsewhere, the period lasted until the early centuries AD, and either Christianization or a new conquest in the Migration Period. Iron working was introduced to Europe in the late 11th century BC, probably from the Caucasus, and slowly spread northwards and westwards over the succeeding 500 years. For example, the Iron Age of Prehistoric Ireland begins around 500 BC, when the Greek Iron Age had already ended, and finishes around 400 AD. The use of iron and iron-working technology became w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Livy
Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Ancient Rome, Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own lifetime. He was on familiar terms with members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and a friend of Augustus, whose young grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, he exhorted to take up the writing of history. Life Livy was born in Patavium in northern Italy (Roman Empire), Italy, now modern Padua, probably in 59 BC. At the time of his birth, his home city of Patavium was the second wealthiest on the Italian peninsula, and the largest in the province of Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy). Cisalpine Gaul was merged in Roman Italy, Italy proper during his lifetime and its inhabitants were given Roman citizenship by Julius Caesar. In his works, Livy often expressed his deep affection an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanaro
The Tanaro (; pms, Tane ; ; la, Tanarus), is a long river in northwestern Italy. The river begins in the Ligurian Alps, near the border with France, and is the most significant right-side tributary to the Po in terms of length, size of drainage basin (partly Alpine, partly Apennine), and discharge. Geography Sources The Tanaro rises at the border between Piedmont and Liguria at the confluence of two smaller streams: the Tanarello and the Negrone. The main source of the Tanarello is on the slopes of Monte Saccarello above Monesi, a village belonging to the commune of Triora. This mountain straddles the French département of Alpes-Maritimes, the Piedmontese province of Cuneo and the Ligurian province of Imperia and marks the juncture of the watersheds between three drainage basins: Tanaro itself; Roya ( it, Roia), which rises in France but enters the sea at Ventimiglia; and Argentina, which flows into the Ligurian Sea at Taggia. The sources of the Negrone are not fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecdinii
The Ecdinii or Ecdini were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the valley of the Tinée ( Alpes-Maritimes) during the Iron Age. Name They are mentioned as ''Ecdini'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), and as ''Ecdiniorum'' on the Arc of Susa., s.v. ''Ecdinii''. The meaning of the ethnonym remains obscure. If Celtic, ''Ecdinii'' is possibly formed with the prefix ''ec(s)''- ('out of, without') attached to -''dīn(i)''- ('shelter, protection'). Xavier Delamarre has thus proposed to translate *''Ec(s)-dīni-oi'' as the 'Homeless'. If this interpretation is correct, the name was probably an exonym given by a neighbouring tribe. Guy Barruol suggested that the name ''Tinius'' might be related. Geography The Ecdinii lived in the valley of the Tinée, a tributary of the Var river. Their territory was located west of the Vesubiani and Tyrii, east of the Nemeturii, north of the Nerusii and Vediantii, and south of the Savincates and Caturiges., Map 16: Col. Forum Iulii-Albingaunum, Map 17: Lugdunum. Ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vesubiani
The Vesubiani or Vesubianii were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the valley of the Vésubie river during the Iron Age. Name They are mentioned as ''Vesubiani'' by Pliny (1st c. AD),Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia''3:20 and as ''Vesubianorum'' and ''(V)esubiani'' on inscriptions., s.v. ''Vesubiani''. Guy Barruol noted that the loss of initial ''V''- is common in Gaulish proper names, especially in Provence, and proposed to see the name as a variant of the personal name ''Esubiani''. He suggested that the name may have the same root as ''Esubii'', the name of a tribe in Brittany itself traditionally derived from the Celtic god ''Esus''. Alternatively, if the ''V''- was present in the original form, the name can be derived form the Gaulish root ''uesu''- ('valid, good, worthy'). Geography The Vesubiani dwelled in the valley of the Vésubie. Their territory was located southeast of the Ecdinii, north of the Nerusii and Vediantii, and northwest of the Intimilii., Map 16: Col. Forum Iulii ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Punic War
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Italy and Iberia, but also on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and, towards the end of the war, in North Africa. After immense materiel and human losses on both sides the Carthaginians were defeated. Macedonia, Syracuse and several Numidian kingdoms were drawn into the fighting, and Iberian and Gallic forces fought on both sides. There were three main military theatres during the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success before moving into Italy; and Africa, where Rome finally won the war. The First Punic War had ended in a Roman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mago Barca
Mago Barca ( xpu, 𐤌𐤂𐤍 𐤁𐤓𐤒, ; 243–203BC) was a Barcid Carthaginian who played an important role in the Second Punic War, leading forces of Carthage against the Roman Republic in Iberia and northern and central Italy. Mago was the third son of Hamilcar Barca, was the brother of Hannibal and Hasdrubal, and was the brother-in-law of Hasdrubal the Fair. Little is known about his early years, except that, unlike his brothers, he is not mentioned during the ambush in which his father was killed in 228 BC. Name The name Mago was a common masculine given name among the Carthaginian elite. It meant "Godsent". The cognomen or epithet means "thunderbolt" or "shining". It is cognate with the Arabic name Barq and the Hebrew name Barak and equivalent to the Greek ''Keraunos'', which was borne by contemporary commanders. It had been used for Mago's father Hamilcar and is used to distinguish his three sons from others who shared their names. On the Italian Penins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
