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Enterobacteria Rnk Leader
The Enterobacteria rnk leader is a putative attenuator element identified by bioinformatics within bacteria of the γ-proteobacterial Enterobacteriales order. It is located upstream of the ''rnk'' gene, encoding a nucleoside diphosphate kinase regulator, and presents a intrinsic termination, Rho-independent terminator at the 3' end. This RNA is presumed to operate as a non-coding leader, which regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. The motif might be related to other rnk-and greA-leaders, such as Pseudomonas rnk leader. See also *Gammaproteobacteria rimP leader References External links *{{Rfam, id=RF01771, name=Enterobacteria rnk leader Cis-regulatory RNA elements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Structure
Protein secondary structure is the three dimensional conformational isomerism, form of ''local segments'' of proteins. The two most common Protein structure#Secondary structure, secondary structural elements are alpha helix, alpha helices and beta sheets, though beta turns and omega loops occur as well. Secondary structure elements typically spontaneously form as an intermediate before the protein protein folding, folds into its three dimensional protein tertiary structure, tertiary structure. Secondary structure is formally defined by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between the Amine, amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone chain, backbone. Secondary structure may alternatively be defined based on the regular pattern of backbone Dihedral angle#Dihedral angles of proteins, dihedral angles in a particular region of the Ramachandran plot regardless of whether it has the correct hydrogen bonds. The concept of secondary structure was first introduced by Kaj Ulrik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacteriales
Enterobacterales is an order of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative, non-spore forming, Facultative anaerobic organism, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria with the class Gammaproteobacteria. The type genus of this order is ''Enterobacter.'' The name Enterobacterales is derived from the Latin term ''Enterobacter'', referring the type genus of the order and the suffix "-ales", an ending used to denote an order. Together, Enterobacterales refers to an order whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Enterobacter''. Historical Identification and Systematics Enterobacterales was proposed in 2005 under the name "Enterobacteriales". However, the name "Enterobacteriales" was not validated according to the rules of the ''International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes,'' thus it lacked standing in nomenclature, so the name was written in parentheses. "Enterobacteriales" was a monotypic order, containing only the family ''Enterobacteriaceae'', and shared its type genus ''Esch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics () is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, in particular when the data sets are large and complex. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, information engineering, mathematics and statistics to analyze and interpret the biological data. Bioinformatics has been used for '' in silico'' analyses of biological queries using computational and statistical techniques. Bioinformatics includes biological studies that use computer programming as part of their methodology, as well as specific analysis "pipelines" that are repeatedly used, particularly in the field of genomics. Common uses of bioinformatics include the identification of candidates genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Often, such identification is made with the aim to better understand the genetic basis of disease, unique adaptations, desirable properties (e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase
Nucleoside-diphosphate kinases (NDPKs, also NDP kinase, (poly)nucleotide kinases and nucleoside diphosphokinases) are enzymes that catalyze the exchange of terminal phosphate between different nucleoside diphosphates (NDP) and triphosphates (NTP) in a reversible manner to produce nucleotide triphosphates. Many NDP serve as acceptor while NTP are donors of phosphate group. The general reaction via ping-pong mechanism is as follows: XDP + YTP ←→ XTP + YDP (X and Y each represent different nitrogenous base). NDPK activities maintain an equilibrium between the concentrations of different nucleoside triphosphates such as, for example, when guanosine triphosphate (GTP) produced in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Other activities include cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor, endocytosis, and gene expression. Structure NDPK are homo hexameric proteins made up of monomers app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intrinsic Termination
Intrinsic, or rho-independent termination, is a process in prokaryotes to signal the end of transcription and release the newly constructed RNA molecule. In prokaryotes such as E. coli, transcription is terminated either by a rho-dependent process or rho-independent process. In the Rho-dependent process, the rho-protein locates and binds the signal sequence in the mRNA and signals for cleavage. Contrarily, intrinsic termination does not require a special protein to signal for termination and is controlled by the specific sequences of RNA. When the termination process begins, the transcribed mRNA forms a stable secondary structure hairpin loop, also known as a Stem-loop. This RNA hairpin is followed by multiple uracil nucleotides. The bonds between uracil and adenine are very weak. A protein bound to RNA polymerase (nusA) binds to the stem-loop structure tightly enough to cause the polymerase to temporarily stall. This pausing of the polymerase coincides with transcription of the po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudomonas Rnk Leader
The ''Pseudomonas'' rnk leader is a putative attenuator element identified by bioinformatics within bacteria of the γ-proteobacterial ''Pseudomonas'' genus. It is located upstream of the ''rnk'' gene, encoding a nucleoside diphosphate kinase regulator, and presents a Rho-independent terminator at the 3' end. This RNA is presumed to operate as a non-coding leader, which regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. The motif might be related to other rnk-and greA-leaders, such the Enterobacteria rnk leader The Enterobacteria rnk leader is a putative attenuator element identified by bioinformatics within bacteria of the γ-proteobacterial Enterobacteriales order. It is located upstream of the ''rnk'' gene, encoding a nucleoside diphosphate kinase regu ... and Enterobacteria greA leader. See also * ''Pseudomonas'' rpsL leader References External links *{{Rfam, id=RF01772, name=Pseudomonas rnk leader Cis-regulatory RNA elements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gammaproteobacteria RimP Leader
The γ-proteobacterial rimP leader is a putative attenuator element identified by bioinformatics within bacteria of the γ-proteobacterial phylum. It is located upstream of the ''rimP-nusA-infB'' operon encoding RimP, a protein shown to be involved in the 30S ribosomal subunit maturation, NusA, a transcriptional factor controlling termination, and the translation initiation factor Initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis. Initiation factors can interact with repressors to slow down or prevent translation. They have the ... IF-2 respectively. The rimP-leader presents a Rho-independent terminator at the 3' end, corresponding to a highly conserved GGGc(...)gCCC motif. This motif is presumed to operate as a non-coding leader. Its mechanism remains unknown, but it is tempting to speculate a regulatory involvement of the NusA protein, which expression has been shown to lower the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
