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E-cadherin
Cadherin-1 or Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), (not to be confused with the APC/C activator protein CDH1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CDH1'' gene. Mutations are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid, and ovarian cancers. CDH1 has also been designated as CD324 (cluster of differentiation 324). It is a tumor suppressor gene. History The discovery of cadherin cell-cell adhesion proteins is attributed to Masatoshi Takeichi, whose experience with adhering epithelial cells began in 1966. His work originally began by studying lens differentiation in chicken embryos at Nagoya University, where he explored how retinal cells regulate lens fiber differentiation. To do this, Takeichi initially collected media that had previously cultured neural retina cells (CM) and suspended lens epithelial cells in it. He observed that cells suspended in the CM media had delayed attachment compared to cells in his regular medium. His interest in cell adherence was sparke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cadherin
Cadherins (named for "calcium-dependent adhesion") are a type of cell adhesion molecule (CAM) that is important in the formation of adherens junctions to allow cells to adhere to each other . Cadherins are a class of type-1 transmembrane proteins, and they are dependent on calcium (Ca2+) ions to function, hence their name. Cell-cell adhesion is mediated by extracellular cadherin domains, whereas the intracellular cytoplasmic tail associates with numerous adaptors and signaling proteins, collectively referred to as the cadherin adhesome. The cadherin family is essential in maintaining the cell-cell contact and regulating cytoskeletal complexes. The cadherin superfamily includes cadherins, protocadherins, desmogleins, desmocollins, and more. In structure, they share ''cadherin repeats'', which are the extracellular Ca2+-binding domains. There are multiple classes of cadherin molecules, each designated with a prefix (in general, noting the types of tissue with which it is associated). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beta-catenin
Catenin beta-1, also known as beta-catenin (β-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CTNNB1'' gene. Beta-catenin is a dual function protein, involved in regulation and coordination of cell–cell adhesion and gene transcription. In humans, the CTNNB1 protein is encoded by the ''CTNNB1'' gene. In ''Drosophila'', the homologous protein is called ''armadillo''. β-catenin is a subunit of the cadherin protein complex and acts as an intracellular signal transducer in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is a member of the catenin protein family and homologous to γ-catenin, also known as plakoglobin. Beta-catenin is widely expressed in many tissues. In cardiac muscle, beta-catenin localizes to adherens junctions in intercalated disc structures, which are critical for electrical and mechanical coupling between adjacent cardiomyocytes. Mutations and overexpression of β-catenin are associated with many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beta-catenin
Catenin beta-1, also known as beta-catenin (β-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CTNNB1'' gene. Beta-catenin is a dual function protein, involved in regulation and coordination of cell–cell adhesion and gene transcription. In humans, the CTNNB1 protein is encoded by the ''CTNNB1'' gene. In ''Drosophila'', the homologous protein is called ''armadillo''. β-catenin is a subunit of the cadherin protein complex and acts as an intracellular signal transducer in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is a member of the catenin protein family and homologous to γ-catenin, also known as plakoglobin. Beta-catenin is widely expressed in many tissues. In cardiac muscle, beta-catenin localizes to adherens junctions in intercalated disc structures, which are critical for electrical and mechanical coupling between adjacent cardiomyocytes. Mutations and overexpression of β-catenin are associated with many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CTNND1
p120, and called catenin delta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNND1 gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the Armadillo protein family, which function in adhesion between cells and signal transduction. Multiple translation initiation codons and alternative splicing result in many different isoforms being translated. Not all of the full-length natures of the described transcript variants have been determined. Clinical significance Either loss or cytoplasmic localization of p120 is a common feature in the progression of several types of carcinoma. Interactions CTNND1 has been shown to interact with: * Beta-catenin, * CDH1, * CDH2, * Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1, * Cortactin, * FYN, * MUC1, * Nephrin, * PSEN1, * PTPN6, * PTPRJ, * PTPRM, * VE-cadherin, * YES1, and * ZBTB33 See also * Delta catenin * Catenin * CTNND2 Delta-1-catenin and Delta-2-catenin are members of a subfamily of proteins with ten Armadillo-repeats. Delta-2-ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
P120-catenin
p120, and called catenin delta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNND1 gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the Armadillo protein family, which function in adhesion between cells and signal transduction. Multiple translation initiation codons and alternative splicing result in many different isoforms being translated. Not all of the full-length natures of the described transcript variants have been determined. Clinical significance Either loss or cytoplasmic localization of p120 is a common feature in the progression of several types of carcinoma. Interactions CTNND1 has been shown to interact with: * Beta-catenin, * CDH1, * CDH2, * Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1, * Cortactin, * FYN, * MUC1, * Nephrin, * PSEN1, * PTPN6, * PTPRJ, * PTPRM, * VE-cadherin, * YES1, and * ZBTB33 See also * Delta catenin * Catenin * CTNND2 Delta-1-catenin and Delta-2-catenin are members of a subfamily of proteins with ten Armadillo-repeats. Delta-2-cate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catenin (cadherin-associated Protein), Alpha 1
αE-catenin, also known as Catenin alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CTNNA1'' gene. αE-catenin is highly expressed in cardiac muscle and localizes to adherens junctions at intercalated disc structures where it functions to mediate the anchorage of ACTC1, actin filaments to the sarcolemma. αE-catenin also plays a role in tumor metastasis and skin cell function. Structure Human αE-catenin protein is 100.0 kDa and 906 amino acids. Catenins (α,β,and γ (also known as plakoglobin)) were originally identified in complex with E-cadherin, an epithelium, epithelial cell adhesion protein. αE-catenin is highly expressed in cardiac muscle and is homologous to the protein vinculin; however, aside from vinculin, αE-catenin has no homology to established ACTC1, actin-binding proteins. The N-terminus of αE-catenin binds β-catenin or γ-catenin/plakoglobin, and the C-terminus binds ACTC1, actin directly or indirectly via vinculin or Actinin, alpha 2, α-actinin. Fun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hereditary Lobular Breast Cancer
Hereditary lobular breast cancer is a rare inherited cancer predisposition associated with pathogenic CDH1 (gene) germline mutations, and without apparent correlation with the hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome. Research studies identified novel CDH1 germline variants in women with diagnosed lobular breast cancer (in invasive and/or ''in situ'' histotype) and without any family history of gastric carcinoma. Firstly, in 2018 Giovanni Corso et al. defined this syndrome as a new cancer predisposition and the Authors suggested additional clinical criteria to testing CDH1 in lobular breast cancer patients. In 2020, the International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium recognized officially that the hereditary lobular breast cancer is a novel and independent syndrome. To date, the are reported about 40 families clustering for lobular breast cancer and associated with CDH1 germline mutations but without association with diffuse gastric cancer (unpublished data). CDH1 inactivation in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpha-catenin
Alpha-catenin functions as the primary protein link between cadherins and the actin cytoskeleton. It has been reported that the actin binding proteins vinculin and alpha-actinin can bind to alpha-catenin. It has been suggested that alpha-catenin does not bind with high affinity to both actin filaments and the E-cadherin-beta-catenin complex at the same time. It has been observed that when alpha-catenin is not in a molecular complex with beta-catenin, it dimerizes and functions to regulate actin filament assembly, possibly by competing with Arp2/3 protein. Alpha catenin exhibits significant protein dynamics. However, a protein complex including a cadherin, actin, beta-catenin and alpha-catenin has not been isolated. The amino acid sequence of alpha-catenin has sequence similarity to that of vinculin. Types Three alpha-catenin genes are expressed in humans: * CTNNA1, alpha-1-catenin (also called alpha-E-catenin) * CTNNA2, alpha-2-catenin (also called alpha-N-catenin) * CTNNA3, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer
Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is an inherited genetic syndrome most often caused by an inactivating mutation in the E-cadherin gene (CDH1) located on chromosome 16. Individuals who inherit an inactive copy of the CDH1 gene are at significantly elevated risk for developing stomach cancer. For this reason, individuals with these mutations will often elect to under go prophylactic gastrectomy, or a complete removal of the stomach to prevent this cancer. Mutations in CDH1 are also associated with high risk of lobular breast cancers, and may be associated with a mildly elevated risk of colon cancer. The most common form of stomach cancer associated with CDH1 mutations is diffuse type adenocarcinoma. An estimated 70% of males and 56% of females who inherit an inactivating CDH1 mutation will develop this form of cancer by age 80. Female patients are also estimated to have a 42% lifetime risk of developing lobular breast cancer. The median age of gastric cancer diagnosis in i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blastula
Blastulation is the stage in early animal embryonic development that produces the blastula. In mammalian development the blastula develops into the blastocyst with a differentiated inner cell mass and an outer trophectoderm. The blastula (from Greek '' βλαστός'' ( meaning ''sprout'')) is a hollow sphere of cells known as blastomeres surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. Embryonic development begins with a sperm fertilizing an egg cell to become a zygote, which undergoes many cleavages to develop into a ball of cells called a morula. Only when the blastocoel is formed does the early embryo become a blastula. The blastula precedes the formation of the gastrula in which the germ layers of the embryo form. A common feature of a vertebrate blastula is that it consists of a layer of blastomeres, known as the blastoderm, which surrounds the blastocoel. In mammals, the blastocyst contains an embryoblast (or inner cell mass) that will eventually give ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CDH3 (gene)
Cadherin-3, also known as P-Cadherin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CDH3'' gene. Function This gene is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily. The encoded protein is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. This gene is located in a six-cadherin cluster in a region on the long arm of chromosome 16 that is involved in loss of heterozygosity events in breast and prostate cancer. In addition, aberrant expression of this protein is observed in cervical adenocarcinomas. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene have been associated with congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy. Interactions CDH3 (gene) has been shown to interact with: * Beta-catenin, * CDH1, * Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1, * Nephrin and * Plakoglobin. History Cadherin-3 was first described in 1986 by Masatoshi Tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C-Met
c-Met, also called tyrosine-protein kinase Met or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MET'' gene. The protein possesses tyrosine kinase activity. The primary single chain precursor protein is post-translationally cleaved to produce the alpha and beta subunits, which are disulfide linked to form the mature receptor. MET is a single pass tyrosine kinase receptor essential for embryonic development, organogenesis and wound healing. Hepatocyte growth factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF) and its splicing isoform (NK1, NK2) are the only known ligands of the MET receptor. MET is normally expressed by cells of epithelial origin, while expression of HGF/SF is restricted to cells of mesenchymal origin. When HGF/SF binds its cognate receptor MET it induces its dimerization through a not yet completely understood mechanism leading to its activation. Abnormal MET activation in cancer correlates with poor prognosis, where aberrantly active MET t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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