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Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (1887–1915) by Adolf Engler (1844–1930) and Karl Anton Prantl is a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further. As such it forms part of the Engler system of plant taxonomy. Engler's starting point was that of Eichler who had been the first to use phylogenetic principles, and reflected the new post-Darwinian perspective, although Engler himself did not think that his was. His modified Eichler schema first appeared in 1886 in his ''Guide to Breslau Botanic Garden'' (of which he was the director). ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' appeared in 23 volumes. An incomplete second edition was issued in 28 parts (1924-1980), although Engler had died in 1930. It is still considered one of the few true World Floras. First edition (1887–1915) The complete 23 volume work was published in four parts (''Teil''), together with supplements and indices. The volumes are arranged as follows: * Teil (section) 1: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adolf Engler
Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (25 March 1844 – 10 October 1930) was a German botanist. He is notable for his work on alpha taxonomy, plant taxonomy and phytogeography, such as ''Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (''The Natural Plant Families''), edited with Karl Anton Eugen Prantl, Karl A. E. von Prantl. Even now, his system of plant classification, the Engler system, is still used by many Herbarium, herbaria and is followed by writers of many manuals and Flora (plants), floras. It is still the only system that treats all 'plants' (in the wider sense, algae to flowering plants) in such depth. Engler published a prodigious number of taxonomic works. He used various artists to illustrate his books, notably Joseph Pohl (1864–1939), an illustrator who had served an apprenticeship as a wood-engraver. Pohl's skill drew Engler's attention, starting a collaboration of some 40 years. Pohl produced more than 33 000 drawings in 6 000 plates for ''Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien''. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycetozoa
Mycetozoa is a polyphyletic grouping of slime molds. It was originally thought to be a monophyletic clade, but recently it was discovered that protostelia are a polyphyletic group within Conosa. Classification It can be divided into dictyostelid, myxogastrid, and protostelid groups. The mycetozoan groups all fit into the unikont supergroup Amoebozoa, whereas most other slime molds fit into various bikont groups ( fonticulids are opisthokonts). Utility in research The dictyostelids are used as examples of cell communication and differentiation, and may provide insights into how multicellular organisms develop. ''Physarum polycephalum'' are useful for studying cytoplasmic streaming. They have also been used to study the biochemical events that surround mitosis, since all of the nuclei in a medium-sized plasmodium divide in synchrony. It has been observed that they can find their way through mazes by spreading out and choosing the shortest path, an interesting example of informa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Characeae
Characeae is a family of freshwater green algae in the order Charales, commonly known as stoneworts. They are also known as brittleworts or skunkweed, from the fragility of their lime-encrusted stems, and from the foul odor these produce when stepped on. In some treatments, the Characeae includes all the living (extant) species of Charales; this circumscription is followed here. In other treatments, the genus ''Nitellopsis'', which has both extant and extinct species, is placed in a separate family, Feistiellaceae. Description Living members of the Characeae ''sensu lato'' grow in freshwater and brackish environments worldwide, and have large, macroscopic thalli growing up to 120 cm long, they are branched, multicellular, and use chlorophyll to photosynthesize. Their only diploid stage in the life cycle is the unicellular oospore. They may be called ''stoneworts'', because the plants can become encrusted in lime ( calcium carbonate) after some time. The "stem" is actually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon shaped in different species. Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Some green algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. They usually have a cell wall made up of an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose. General characteristics * the body may be unicellular, colonial, filamentous or multicellular. * They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and beta-carotene. * The chloroplast may be discoid, cup-shaped (e.g. ''Chlamydomonas''), spiral or ribbon shaped * Most chlorophytes have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids (central prot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conjugatae
The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. The larger family Zygnemataceae, with well-known genera such as ''Zygnema'' and '' Spirogyra'', includes members that grow as unbranched filaments, which grow longer through normal cell division. This group includes the desmids. Most members of both families live in freshwater, and form an important component of the algal scum that grows on or near plants, rocks, and various debris. Systematically they fall within the division Charophyta/ Streptophyta, in which the land plants ( Embryophyta) emerged. Sexual reproduction in Zygnematales takes place through a process called ''conjugation''. Here filaments of opposite gender line up, and tubes form between corresponding cells. The male cells then become amoeboid and crawl across, or sometime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algae
Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae, such as ''Chlorella,'' ''Prototheca'' and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to in length. Most are aquatic and autotrophic (they generate food internally) and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem and phloem that are found in land plants. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the ''Charophyta'', a division of green algae which includes, for example, ''Spirogyra'' and stoneworts. No definition of algae is generally accepted. One definition is that algae "have chlorophyll ''a'' as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile covering of cells around thei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillariaceae
Bacillariaceae is a family of diatoms in the phylum Heterokontophyta, the only family in the order Bacillariales. Some species of genera such as ''Nitzchia'' are found in halophilic environments; for example, in the seasonally flooded Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana. Genera This family includes these genera: *'' Allonitzschia'' (1) *''Bacillaria'' Gmelin (155) *'' Crucidenticula'' (8) *'' Cylindrotheca'' Rabenh. *'' Cymbellonitzschia'' Hustedt in A.Schmidt et al. (7) *'' Denticula'' Kütz. (178) *'' Denticulopsis'' R. Simonsen and T. Kanaya, 1961 (20) *'' Fragilariopsis'' Hustedt in A. Schmidt (41) *'' Gomphonitzschia'' (14) *'' Grunowia'' (19) *'' Hantzschia'' Grunow, 1877 (258) *'' Neodenticula'' Akiba and Yanagisawa, 1986 (2) *''Nitzschia'' Hassall, 1845 (2k) *'' Nitzschiella'' (18) *'' Ophidocampa'' (15) *'' Perrya'' (7) *'' Psammodictyona'' (5) *''Pseudo-nitzschia'' H. Perag. and Perag., 1900 (81) *'' Simonsenia'' (3) *'' Tryblionella'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillariales
Bacillariaceae is a family of diatoms in the phylum Heterokontophyta, the only family in the order Bacillariales. Some species of genera such as ''Nitzchia'' are found in halophilic environments; for example, in the seasonally flooded Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana. Genera This family includes these genera: *'' Allonitzschia'' (1) *''Bacillaria'' Gmelin (155) *'' Crucidenticula'' (8) *'' Cylindrotheca'' Rabenh. *'' Cymbellonitzschia'' Hustedt in A.Schmidt et al. (7) *'' Denticula'' Kütz. (178) *'' Denticulopsis'' R. Simonsen and T. Kanaya, 1961 (20) *'' Fragilariopsis'' Hustedt in A. Schmidt (41) *'' Gomphonitzschia'' (14) *'' Grunowia'' (19) *'' Hantzschia'' Grunow, 1877 (258) *'' Neodenticula'' Akiba and Yanagisawa, 1986 (2) *'' Nitzschia'' Hassall, 1845 (2k) *'' Nitzschiella'' (18) *'' Ophidocampa'' (15) *'' Perrya'' (7) *'' Psammodictyona'' (5) *''Pseudo-nitzschia'' H. Perag. and Perag., 1900 (81) *'' Simonsenia'' (3) *'' Tryblionella ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peridiniales
Peridiniales is an order of dinoflagellates. Below is a uncritical list of the families in Peridinales, but molecular phylogenetics circumscribe the group in a stricter sense.Žerdoner Čalasan A, J Kretschmann & M Gottschling (2019): ''They are young, and they are many: Dating freshwater lineages in unicellular dinophytes.'' Environ Microbiol 21: 4125–4135. * Amphilothaceae, * Archaeosphaerodiniopsidaceae, * Blastodiniaceae, * Calciodinellaceae, * Ceratiaceae, * Cladopyxidaceae, * Coccidinaceae, * Crypthecodiniaceae, * Dinosphaeraceae, * Endodiniaceae, * Glenodiniaceae, * Glenodiniopsidaceae, * Gonyaulacaceae, * Haplozoonaceae, * Heterodiniaceae, * Heterocapsaceae syn. Heterocapsineae * Heterodiniaceae, * Kolkwitziellaceae, * Kryptoperidiniaceae, * Oodiniaceae, * Oxytoxaceae, * Paradiniaceae, * Peridiniaceae, * Podolampaceae, * Podolampadaceae, * Polykrikaceae The Polykrikaceae (also known as Polykrikidae) are a family of athecate dinoflagellates of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flagellata
A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their means of motion. The term presently does not imply any specific relationship or classification of the organisms that possess flagella. However, the term "flagellate" is included in other terms (such as "dinoflagellate" and "choanoflagellata") which are more formally characterized. Form and behavior Flagella in eukaryotes are supported by microtubules in a characteristic arrangement, with nine fused pairs surrounding two central singlets. These arise from a basal body. In some flagellates, flagella direct food into a cytostome or mouth, where food is ingested. Flagella often support hairs, called mastigonemes, or contain rods. Their ultrastructure plays an important role in classifying eukaryotes. Among protoctists and microscopic anima ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacterial Taxonomy
Bacterial taxonomy is the taxonomy, i.e. the rank-based classification, of bacteria. In the scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus, each species has to be assigned to a genus ( binary nomenclature), which in turn is a lower level of a hierarchy of ranks (family, suborder, order, subclass, class, division/phyla, kingdom and domain). In the currently accepted classification of life, there are three domains (Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea), which, in terms of taxonomy, despite following the same principles have several different conventions between them and between their subdivisions as they are studied by different disciplines (botany, zoology, mycology and microbiology). For example, in zoology there are type specimens, whereas in microbiology there are type strains. Diversity Prokaryotes share many common features, such as lack of nuclear membrane, unicellularity, division by binary-fission and generally small size. The various species differ amongst each ot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schizomycetes
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
