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Drosophila Testacea
''Drosophila testacea'' is a member of the ''testacea'' species group of ''Drosophila''. Testacea species are specialist fruit flies that breed on the fruiting bodies of mushrooms. ''Drosophila testacea'' can be found in temperate regions of Europe, extending to east Asia. ''Drosophila testacea'' and '' Drosophila orientacea'' can produce viable hybrids, though they are separated by geography and behavioural barriers. ''Drosophila testacea'' females will also readily mate with ''Drosophila neotestacea'' males, but viable hybrids are never produced. This hybrid inviability (see Haldane's rule)) may be due to selfish X chromosomes and co-evolved suppressors. Alternately, differences in sex pheromone (e.g. vaccenyl acetate) reception could underlie female readiness and male willingness to copulate. The antimicrobial peptide gene '' Diptericin B'' has been pseudogenized in ''D. testacea'' and likely its sister species ''D. neotestacea''. See also * Drosophila testacea species ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Testacea Species Group
The ''Drosophila testacea'' species group belongs to the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the subgenus Drosophila, and contains 4 species: '' Drosophila putrida'', ''Drosophila neotestacea'', ''Drosophila testacea'', and '' Drosophila orientacea''.Grimaldi, James, and Jaenike. 1992. Systematics and Modes of Reproductive Isolation in the Holarctic Drosophila testacea Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/85/6/671/2759036 Testacea species are specialist mushroom-feeding flies, and can metabolize toxic compounds in ''Amanita'' mushrooms. The Testacea species group is studied for its specialist ecology, population genetics, and bacterial endosymbionts. The North American species ''Drosophila neotestacea'' is perhaps the best-studied of the group for its interactions with parasitic wasps and nematodes, bacterial endosymbionts, and trypanosomatid parasites. Of note, selfish X chromosomes (a form of meiotic drive) have been discovered in three o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila
''Drosophila'' () is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. They should not be confused with the Tephritidae, a related family, which are also called fruit flies (sometimes referred to as "true fruit flies"); tephritids feed primarily on unripe or ripe fruit, with many species being regarded as destructive agricultural pests, especially the Mediterranean fruit fly. One species of ''Drosophila'' in particular, ''D. melanogaster'', has been heavily used in research in genetics and is a common model organism in developmental biology. The terms "fruit fly" and "''Drosophila''" are often used synonymously with ''D. melanogaster'' in modern biological literature. The entire genus, however, contains more than 1,500 species and is very diverse in appearance, be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Orientacea
''Drosophila orientacea'' is a member of the ''testacea'' species group of ''Drosophila''. Testacea species are specialist fruit flies that breed on the fruiting bodies of mushrooms. ''Drosophila orientacea'' is found in northern Japan on the island of Hokkaido. However, the European species ''Drosophila testacea'' and ''D. orientacea'' can produce viable hybrids, blurring the level of speciation between the two species. While viable hybrids are produced, extreme behavioural barriers likely prevent mating in the wild. While ''D. orientacea'' readily mates with ''Drosophila neotestacea'', viable hybrids are never produced. This hybrid inviability (see Haldane's rule) may be due either to issues during copulation, or selfish X chromosomes and co-evolved suppressors. See also * Drosophila testacea species group * Meiotic drive Meiotic drive is a type of intragenomic conflict, whereby one or more loci within a genome will effect a manipulation of the meiotic process in such a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Neotestacea
''Drosophila neotestacea'' is a member of the ''testacea'' species group of ''Drosophila''. Testacea species are specialist fruit flies that breed on the fruiting bodies of mushrooms. These flies will choose to breed on psychoactive mushrooms such as the Fly Agaric '' Amanita muscaria''. ''Drosophila neotestacea'' can be found in temperate regions of North America, ranging from the north eastern United States to western Canada. Immunity ''Drosophila neotestacea'' and other mushroom-breeding Drosophila have been studied extensively for their interactions with '' Howardula'' nematode parasites, particularly ''Howardula aoronymphium''. Unlike related species, ''D. neotestacea'' is sterilized by ''H. aoronymphium'' infection. The genetic basis of this susceptibility is unknown, and is nematode-dependent. For instance, a related ''Howardula'' species from Japan does not sterilize ''D. neotestacea'', even though the European and North American ''Howardula'' species do. Moreover, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaccenyl Acetate
11-''cis''-Vaccenyl acetate (cVA) is a volatile chemical compound that acts as a pheromone in ''Drosophila'' and at least one species of longhorn beetle. It is the acetate ester of vaccenyl alcohol. The odorant receptor subunit Or67d was shown to be necessary for detection of cVA. Males that are mutant for Or67d start courting other males, whereas females that lack Or67d become less receptive towards males courting them. The sensory neurons expressing Or67d send projections to the glomerulus ''Glomerulus'' () is a common term used in anatomy to describe globular structures of entwined vessels, fibers, or neurons. ''Glomerulus'' is the diminutive of the Latin ''glomus'', meaning "ball of yarn". ''Glomerulus'' may refer to: * the filter ... DA1.Couto A, Alenius M, Dickson BJ.; Curr Biol. 2005 Sep 6;15(17):1535-47. DA1 is one of the three glomeruli that is bigger in males than in females. Moreover, the projection neurons that connect to DA1 have sexually dimorphic arborization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antimicrobial Peptide
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defence peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that may represent targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics which demonstrate potential as novel therapeutic agents. Antimicrobial peptides have been demonstrated to kill Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells. Unlike the majority of conventional antibiotics it appears that antimicrobial peptides frequently destabilize biological membranes, can form transmembrane channels, and may also have the ability to enhance immunity by functioning as immunomodulators. Structure Antimicrobial peptides are a unique and diverse group of molecules, which are divided into subgroups on the basis of their amino acid composition and structure. Antimicrobial peptides are ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diptericin
Diptericin is a 9 kDa antimicrobial peptide (AMP) of flies first isolated from the blowfly ''Phormia terranova''. It is primarily active against Gram-negative bacteria, disrupting bacterial membrane integrity. The structure of this protein includes a proline-rich domain with similarities to the AMPs drosocin, pyrrhocoricin, and abaecin, and a glycine-rich domain with similarity to attacin. Diptericin is an iconic readout of immune system activity in flies, used ubiquitously in studies of ''Drosophila'' immunity. Diptericin is named after the insect order Diptera. Structure and function Diptericins are found throughout Diptera, but are most extensively characterized in ''Drosophila'' fruit flies. The mature structures of diptericins are unknown, though previous efforts to synthesize Diptericin have suggested Diptericin in ''Protophormia terraenovae'' is one linear peptide. Yet ''Drosophila melanogaster's'' Diptericin B peptide is likely cleaved into two separate peptides. Synt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meiotic Drive
Meiotic drive is a type of intragenomic conflict, whereby one or more loci within a genome will effect a manipulation of the meiotic process in such a way as to favor the transmission of one or more alleles over another, regardless of its phenotypic expression. More simply, meiotic drive is when one copy of a gene is passed on to offspring more than the expected 50% of the time. According to Buckler et al., "Meiotic drive is the subversion of meiosis so that particular genes are preferentially transmitted to the progeny. Meiotic drive generally causes the preferential segregation of small regions of the genome". Meiotic drive in plants The first report of meiotic drive came from Marcus Rhoades who in 1942 observed a violation of mendelian segregation ratios for the R locus - a gene controlling the production of the purple pigment anthocyanin in maize kernels - in a maize line carrying abnormal chromosome 10. This violation of mendelian segregation was later shown to be the result ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
