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DSIF
In gene expression, DSIF (DRB Sensitivity Inducing Factor) is a protein that can either negatively or positively affect transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). In one case of negative regulation, it can interact with negative elongation factor (NELF) to promote the stalling of Pol II at some genes. This stalling is relieved by P-TEFb. In humans, DSIF is composed of hSPT4 and hSPT5 (SPT4 and SPT5 are homologs in yeast). The complex locks the RNAP clamp into a closed state to prevent the elongation complex (EC) from dissociating. The Spt5 NGN domain helps anneal the two strands of DNA upstream. The single KOW domain in bacteria and archaea anchors a ribosome Ribosomes ( ) are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to ... to the RNAP. In bacteria, the homologous complex only contains ''Nus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Negative Elongation Factor
In molecular biology, the NELF (negative elongation factor) is a four-subunit protein complex (NELF-A, NELF-B, NELF-C/NELF-D, and NELF-E) that negatively impacts transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) by pausing about 20-60 nucleotides downstream from the transcription start site (TSS). Structure The NELF has four subunits within its complex which are the following: NELF-A, NELF-B, NELF-C/NELF-D, and NELF-E. The NELF-A subunit is encoded by the gene WHSC2 (Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 2). Micro-sequencing analysis demonstrated that NELF-B was the protein previously identified as being encoded by the gene COBRA1. It is unknown whether or not NELF-C and NELF-D are peptides resulting from the same mRNA with different translation initiation sites; possibly differing only in an extra 9 amino acids for NELF-C at the N-terminus, or peptides from different mRNAs entirely. A single NELF complex consists of either NELF-C or NELF-D, but not both. NELF-E is also known as RDBP. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SUPT4H1
Transcription elongation factor SPT4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SUPT4H1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SUPT5H
Transcription elongation factor SPT5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SUPT5H'' gene. Interactions SUPT5H has been shown to interact with: * CDK9, * Cyclin-dependent kinase 7, * HTATSF1, * PIN1, * POLR2A, * PRMT1 and * Protein arginine methyltransferase 5. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of SUPT5H function. A conditional knockout mouse line called ''Supt5tm2a(KOMP)Wtsi'' was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen In genetics, the phenotype () is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological proper ... to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
P-TEFb
The positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, is a multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes. Immediately following initiation Pol II becomes trapped in promoter proximal paused positions on the majority of human genes (Figure 1). P-TEFb is a cyclin dependent kinase that can phosphorylate the DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF) and negative elongation factor (NELF), as well as the carboxyl terminal domain of the large subunit of Pol IIMarshall NF, Peng J, Xie Z, Price DH. Control of RNA polymerase II elongation potential by a novel carboxyl-terminal domain kinase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:27176-83. and this causes the transition into productive elongation leading to the synthesis of mRNAs. P-TEFb is regulated in part by a reversible association with the 7SK snRNP.Peterlin BM, Brogie JE, Price DH. 7SK snRNA: a noncoding RNA that plays a major role in regulating eukaryotic transcription. Wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5,6-Dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole
5,6-Dichloro-1-β--ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) is a chemical compound that inhibits transcription elongation by RNA Polymerase II. Sensitivity to DRB is dependent on DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF), negative elongation factor (NELF), and positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). DRB is a nucleoside analog and also inhibits some protein kinase A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules. Phosphorylation usually results in a fu ...s. References Nucleosides Benzimidazoles Organochlorides Ribosides {{biochem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene Expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, protein or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype, as the final effect. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein-coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA), the product is a functional non-coding RNA. Gene expression is summarized in the central dogma of molecular biology first formulated by Francis Crick in 1958, further developed in his 1970 article, and expanded by the subsequent discoveries of reverse transcription and RNA replication. The process of gene expression is used by all known life—eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and utilized by viruses—to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNA Polymerase II
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type of RNA polymerase. A wide range of transcription factors are required for it to bind to upstream gene promoters and begin transcription. Discovery Early studies suggested a minimum of two RNAPs: one which synthesized rRNA in the nucleolus, and one which synthesized other RNA in the nucleoplasm, part of the nucleus but outside the nucleolus. In 1969, science experimentalists Robert Roeder and William Rutter definitively discovered an additional RNAP that was responsible for transcription of some kind of RNA in the nucleoplasm. The finding was obtained by the use of ion-exchange chromatography via DEAE coated Sephadex beads. The technique separated the enzymes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NGN Domain
NGN can refer to : * Neurogenins, a family of bHLH transcription factors involved in specifying neuronal differentiation * Nigerian naira, currency by ISO 4217 code * Noida Greater Noida Expressway, in Delhi, India ;Telecommunications * Next Generation Networking, a broad term to describe some key architectural evolutions in telecommunication core and access networks that will be deployed over the next 5–10 years * Non-geographic numbers, in the UK, telephone numbers not assigned to geographic areas or exchanges ;Media, publishing, and entertainment * Nippon Golden Network Nippon Golden Network (ニッポンゴールデンネットワーク, abbreviated NGN) is a cable television network broadcasting Japanese programs in Hawaii, United States. It is viewable in 4 islands in Hawaii (Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii) and Cali ..., a Cable television network broadcasting Japanese programs in Hawaii, United States * No Good Nick, an upcoming American comedy web television series. * News ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KOW Domain
Kow or KOW may refer to: * Kow (bull), a legendary bull in Meitei mythology of Manipur * Ganzhou Huangjin Airport, IATA code KOW * Ganzhou Huangjin Airport (former), IATA code KOW until replaced by new airport in 2008 * Kow Swamp, Victoria, Australia ** Kow Swamp Archaeological Site *The Kings of Wessex Academy, a school in Somerset, England * Kowloon station (MTR), Hong Kong, MTR station code KOW * Octanol-water partition coefficient, ''K''ow People with the given name * Kow Nkensen Arkaah (1927–2001), Ghanaian politician * Kow Otani is a Japanese composer. He is best known for creating the soundtracks for the Heisei ''Gamera'' trilogy, '' Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack'', ''Mobile Suit Gundam Wing'', and ''Shadow of the Colossus''. Biogra ... (born 1957), Japanese composer People with the surname * Eric Lee Kow (1912–1961), West Indian cricket umpire * Shih-Li Kow (born 1968), Malaysian writer See also * Cow (other) * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ribosome
Ribosomes ( ) are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to form polypeptide chains. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small and large ribosomal subunits. Each subunit consists of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and many ribosomal proteins (RPs or r-proteins). The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the ''translational apparatus''. Overview The sequence of DNA that encodes the sequence of the amino acids in a protein is transcribed into a messenger RNA chain. Ribosomes bind to messenger RNAs and use their sequences for determining the correct sequence of amino acids to generate a given protein. Amino acids are selected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which enter the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain via an anti-c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
