gene expression Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, protein or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype, as the final effect. The ...

, DSIF (

DRB Deshastha Brahmin is a Hindu Brahmin subcaste mainly from the Indian state of Maharashtra and northern area of the state of Karnataka. Other than these states, according to authors K. S. Singh, Gregory Naik and Pran Nath Chopra, Deshastha Bra ...

Sensitivity Inducing Factor) is a

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...

that can either negatively or positively affect transcription by

RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryoti ...

(Pol II). In one case of negative regulation, it can interact with

negative elongation factor In molecular biology, the NELF (negative elongation factor) is a four-subunit protein complex (NELF-A, NELF-B, NELF-C/NELF-D, and NELF-E) that negatively impacts transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) by pausing about 20-60 nucleotides downst ...

(NELF) to promote the stalling of Pol II at some genes. This stalling is relieved by

P-TEFb The positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, is a multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes. Immediately following initiation Pol II becomes trapped in ...

. In humans, DSIF is composed of hSPT4 and hSPT5 (SPT4 and SPT5 are homologs in yeast). The complex locks the RNAP clamp into a closed state to prevent the elongation complex (EC) from dissociating. The Spt5

NGN domain NGN can refer to : * Neurogenins, a family of bHLH transcription factors involved in specifying neuronal differentiation * Nigerian naira, currency by ISO 4217 code * Noida Greater Noida Expressway, in Delhi, India ;Telecommunications * Next Gen ...

helps anneal the two strands of DNA upstream. The single

KOW domain Kow or KOW may refer to: * Kow (bull), a legendary bull in Meitei mythology of Manipur * Ganzhou Huangjin Airport, IATA code KOW * Ganzhou Huangjin Airport (former), IATA code KOW until replaced by new airport in 2008 * Kow Swamp, Victoria, Aus ...

in bacteria and archaea anchors a

ribosome Ribosomes ( ) are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to ...

to the RNAP. In bacteria, the homologous complex only contains ''NusG'', a Spt5 homolog. Archaea have both proteins.

References

{{Reflist Gene expression