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DIMBOA
DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) is a naturally occurring hydroxamic acid, a benzoxazinoid. DIMBOA is a powerful antibiotic present in maize, wheat, rye, and related grasses, DIMBOA was first identified in maize in 1962 as the "corn sweet substance". Etiolated maize seedlings have a very sweet, almost saccharin-like taste due to their high DIMBOA content. The biosynthesis pathway from leading from maize primary metabolism to the production of DIMBOA has been fully identified. DIMBOA is stored as an inactive precursor, DIMBOA-glucoside, which is activated by glucosidases in response to insect feeding, In maize, DIMBOA functions as natural defense against European corn borer (''Ostrinia nubilalis'') larvae, beet armyworms ('' Spodoptera exigua''), corn leaf aphids ('' Rhopalosiphum maidis''), other damaging insect pests, and pathogens, including fungi and bacteria. The exact level of DIMBOA varies between individual plants, but higher concentrations are t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maize
Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences (or "tassels") and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that when fertilized yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. The term ''maize'' is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a common name because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike ''corn'', which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region. Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhopalosiphum Maidis
''Rhopalosiphum maidis'', common names corn leaf aphid and corn aphid, is an insect, and a pest of maize and other crops. It has a nearly worldwide distribution and is typically found in agricultural fields, grasslands, and forest-grassland zones. Among aphids that feed on maize, it is the most commonly encountered and most economically damaging, particularly in tropical and warmer temperate areas. In addition to maize, ''R. maidis'' damages rice, sorghum, and other cultivated and wild monocots. Description The bodies of wingless parthenogenetic females are green or whitish-green. The head, antennae, legs, cornicles, tail, and transverse bands on the abdomen are black-brown. The body has sparse short hairs. The length of the antennae is less than half the length of the body. Cornicles are not longer than the finger-like tail. In winged females, the head and thoracic section are black-brown and the cornicles are shorter than in the wingless females. Most ''R. maidis'' populat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Corn Borer
The European corn borer (''Ostrinia nubilalis''), also known as the European corn worm or European high-flyer, is a moth of the family Crambidae which includes other grass moths. It is a pest of grain, particularly maize (''Zea mays''). The insect is native to Europe, originally infesting varieties of millet, including broom corn. The European corn borer was first reported in North America in 1917 in Massachusetts, but was probably introduced from Europe several years earlier. Since its initial discovery in the Americas, the insect has spread into Canada and westward across the United States to the Rocky Mountains. The adult European corn borer is about long with a wingspan. The female is light yellowish brown with dark, irregular, wavy bands across the wings. The male is slightly smaller and darker. European corn borer caterpillars damage corn by chewing tunnels through many parts of the plant. This decreases agricultural yield. Geographic range The European corn borer i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Callose
Callose is a plant polysaccharide. Its production is due to the glucan synthase-like gene (GLS) in various places within a plant. It is produced to act as a temporary cell wall in response to stimuli such as stress or damage. Callose is composed of glucose residues linked together through β-1,3-linkages, and is termed a β-glucan. It is thought to be manufactured at the cell wall by callose synthases and is degraded by β-1,3-glucanases. Callose is very important for the permeability of plasmodesmata (Pd) in plants; the plant's permeability is regulated by plasmodesmata callose (PDC). PDC is made by callose synthases and broken down by β-1,3-glucanases (BGs). The amount of callose that is built up at the plasmodesmatal neck, which is brought about by the interference of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases, determines the conductivity of the plasmodesmata. Formation and function Callose is laid down at plasmodesmata, at the cell plate during cytokinesis, and during po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resorcinol Ethers
Resorcinol (or resorcin) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(OH)2. It is one of three isomeric benzenediols, the 1,3-isomer (or '' meta''-isomer). Resorcinol crystallizes from benzene as colorless needles that are readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, but insoluble in chloroform and carbon disulfide. Production Resorcinol is produced in several steps from benzene, starting with dialkylation with propylene to give 1,3-diisopropylbenzene. Oxidation and Hock rearrangement of this disubstituted arene gives acetone and resorcinol. Resorcinol is an expensive chemical, produced in only a very few locations around the world (to date only four commercial plants are known to be operative: in the United States, Germany,China and Japan), and as such it is the determining factor in the cost of PRF adhesives. Many additional routes exist for resorcinol. It was formerly produced by disulfonation of benzene followed by hydrolysis of the 1,3-disulfonate. This method ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzoxazines
Benzoxazines are a group of isomeric bicyclic heterocyclic chemical compounds that consist of a benzene ring fused to an oxazine ring. The different isomers depend on the relative positions of the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the oxazine ring, on the location of ring fusion, and on the position of the double bond in the oxazine ring. They have the molecular formula C8H7NO. Preparation 1,3-Benzoxazines can be synthesized by the Mannich reaction using a phenol, an amine, and formaldehyde. Uses Pharmaceutical drugs Benzoxazine rings form the central chemical structure of a number of pharmaceutical drugs including, for example, apararenone, elbasvir, and etifoxine. Polymers Polybenzoxazines, also called benzoxazine resins, are a class of polymers that are produced from the ring-opening polymerization of 3-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazine monomers and its chemical derivatives The derivative of a function is the rate of change of the function's output relative to its input value. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxamic Acids
A hydroxamic acid is a class of organic compounds bearing the functional group RC(O)N(OH)R', with R and R' as organic residues and CO as a carbonyl group. They are amides (RC(O)NHR') wherein the NH center has an OH substitution. They are often used as metal chelators. Synthesis and reactions Hydroxamic acids are usually prepared from either esters or acid chlorides by a reaction with hydroxylamine salts. For the synthesis of benzohydroxamic acid, the overall equation is: :C6H5CO2Me + NH2OH → C6H5C(O)NHOH + MeOH Hydroxamic acids can also be synthesized from aldehydes and ''N''-sulfonylhydroxylamine via the Angeli-Rimini reaction. A well-known reaction of hydroxamic acid esters is the Lossen rearrangement. Coordination chemistry and biochemistry File:Ferrichrome.svg, Ferrichrome File:Deferoxamine-2D-skeletal.png , Deferoxamine File:Rhodotorulic acid.svg, Rhodotorulic acid File:Fe(hydroxamate)3.svg, Fe(III) complex of triacetylfusarinine Many hydroxamates have been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diabrotica Virgifera
''Diabrotica virgifera'' is a species of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is an agricultural pest species that attacks maize Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Th .... It includes two subspecies, '' Diabrotica virgifera virgifera'' (the western corn rootworm) and '' Diabrotica virgifera zeae'' (the Mexican corn rootworm). References Galerucinae Beetles described in 1868 Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte {{Chrysomelidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Corn Rootworm
The Western corn rootworm, ''Diabrotica virgifera virgifera'', is one of the most devastating corn rootworm species in North America, especially in the midwestern corn-growing areas such as Iowa. A related species, the Northern corn rootworm, ''D. barberi'', co-inhabits in much of the range and is fairly similar in biology. Two other subspecies of ''D. virgifera'' are described, including the Mexican corn rootworm (''Diabrotica virgifera zeae''), a significant pest in its own right, attacking corn in that country. Corn rootworm larvae can destroy significant percentages of corn if left untreated. In the United States, current estimates show that of corn (out of 80 million grown) are infested with corn rootworm. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that corn rootworms cause $1 billion in lost revenue each year, including $800 million in yield loss and $200 million in cost of treatment for corn growers. Life cycle There are many similarities in the life cy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chitosan
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked Glucosamine, D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-Acetylglucosamine, ''N''-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is made by treating the chitin shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance, such as sodium hydroxide. Chitosan has a number of commercial and possible biomedical uses. It can be used in agriculture as a seed treatment and biopesticide, helping plants to fight off fungal infections. In winemaking, it can be used as a fining agent, also helping to prevent spoilage. In industry, it can be used in a self-healing polyurethane paint coating. In medicine, it is useful in bandages to reduce bleeding and as an antibacterial agent; it can also be used to help deliver drugs through the skin. Manufacture and properties Chitosan is produced commercially by acetylation, deacetylation of chitin, which is the structural wikt:element, element in the exoskeleton of c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxamic Acid
A hydroxamic acid is a class of organic compounds bearing the functional group RC(O)N(OH)R', with R and R' as organic residues and CO as a carbonyl group. They are amides (RC(O)NHR') wherein the NH center has an OH substitution. They are often used as metal chelators. Synthesis and reactions Hydroxamic acids are usually prepared from either esters or acid chlorides by a reaction with hydroxylamine salts. For the synthesis of benzohydroxamic acid, the overall equation is: :C6H5CO2Me + NH2OH → C6H5C(O)NHOH + MeOH Hydroxamic acids can also be synthesized from aldehydes and ''N''-sulfonylhydroxylamine via the Angeli-Rimini reaction. A well-known reaction of hydroxamic acid esters is the Lossen rearrangement. Coordination chemistry and biochemistry File:Ferrichrome.svg, Ferrichrome File:Deferoxamine-2D-skeletal.png , Deferoxamine File:Rhodotorulic acid.svg, Rhodotorulic acid File:Fe(hydroxamate)3.svg, Fe(III) complex of triacetylfusarinine Many hydroxamates have been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seedling
A seedling is a young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. Seedling development starts with germination of the seed. A typical young seedling consists of three main parts: the radicle (embryonic root), the hypocotyl (embryonic shoot), and the cotyledons (seed leaves). The two classes of flowering plants (angiosperms) are distinguished by their numbers of seed leaves: monocotyledons (monocots) have one blade-shaped cotyledon, whereas dicotyledons (dicots) possess two round cotyledons. Gymnosperms are more varied. For example, pine seedlings have up to eight cotyledons. The seedlings of some flowering plants have no cotyledons at all. These are said to be acotyledons. The plumule is the part of a seed embryo that develops into the shoot bearing the first true leaves of a plant. In most seeds, for example the sunflower, the plumule is a small conical structure without any leaf structure. Growth of the plumule does not occur until the cotyledons have grown ab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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