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Clostridium Vaccine
A clostridial vaccine is a vaccine for sheep and cattle that protects against diseases caused by toxins produced by an infection with one or more ''Clostridium'' bacteria. Clostridial vaccines are often administered to pregnant ewes a few weeks before they are due to give birth, in order to give passive immunity to their lambs. Clostridial bacteria multiply rapidly in infected sheep, and produce large amounts of toxin which can cause the sheep to die within hours. Clostridial vaccines can contain anti-toxins to one or more endotoxins produced by the following bacteria: * ''Clostridium chauvoei'' * '' Clostridium haemolyticum'' * ''Clostridium novyi'' * ''Clostridium perfringens'' * ''Clostridium septicum'' * ''Clostridium sordellii'' * ''Clostridium tetani ''Clostridium tetani'' is a common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus. Vegetative cells of ''Clostridium tetani'' are usually rod-shaped and up to 2.5 μm long, but they become enlarged and tennis racket- or dr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological Dosage form, preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease, infectious or cancer, malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or Antigen, killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can be prophylaxis, prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic vaccines, therapeutic (to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as cancer vaccine, cancer). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium
''Clostridium'' is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of ''Clostridium'' inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus. It also formerly included an important cause of diarrhea, ''Clostridioides difficile'', which was reclassified into the ''Clostridioides'' genus in 2016. History In the late 1700s, Germany experienced a number of outbreaks of an illness that seemed connected to eating certain sausages. In 1817, the German neurologist Justinus Kerner detected rod-shaped cells in his investigations into this so-called sausage poisoning. In 1897, the Belgian biology professor Emile van Ermengem published his finding of an endospore-forming organism he isolated from spoiled ham. Biologists classified van Ermengem's discovery along with other known gram-positive spore formers in the genus ''Bacillus''. This classification prese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passive Immunity
Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and it can also be induced artificially, when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin (obtained from humans, horses, or other animals) are transferred to non-immune persons through blood products that contain antibodies, such as in immunoglobulin therapy or antiserum therapy. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases.Microbiology and Immunology On-Line Textbook : USC School of Medicine Passive immunization can be provided when ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Chauvoei
''Clostridium chauvoei'' is an anaerobic, motile, Gram-positive bacterium. It is a soil-borne pathogen that can cause blackleg in cattle and sheep. It is named after Auguste Chauveau, a French bacteriologist and veterinarian. It is mainly considered to be an veterinary pathogen, but at least two severe cases of human infection have been reported. Indigenous knowledge from Fula people in Cameroon and Maasai people in Tanzania suggest that zoonotic infection with ''C. chauvoei'' may be common among pastoralists. However, these reports may also be due to infection with other ''Clostridium'' strains that can cause blackleg, such as ''C. septicum''. A study conducted in Taiwan found a correlation between flooding and how often ''C. chauvoei'' was found in soil samples. This is attributed to flood waters dispersing the bacteria throughout the environment. See also * Clostridium vaccine *''Clostridium septicum ''Clostridium septicum'' is a gram positive, spore forming, obliga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Haemolyticum
''Clostridium haemolyticum'' is a species of bacteria in the family of Clostridiaceae. Based on 16S-rDNA sequence analysis, ''C. haemolyticum'' is closely related to '' C. novyi'' and ''C. botulinum ''Clostridium botulinum'' is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum. The botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans a ....'' While ''C. haemolyticum'' has been suggested to be identical to ''C. novyi'' before, it is considered a valid species as of 2022. References haemolyticum Bacteria described in 1929 {{Clostridia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Novyi
''Clostridium novyi'' (oedematiens) a Gram-positive, endospore- forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria of the class Clostridia. It is ubiquitous, being found in the soil and faeces. It is pathogenic, causing a wide variety of diseases in man and animals. Growth in culture proceeds through 3 stages: Initial growth wherein no toxin is produced; vigorous growth wherein toxin is produced; and spore formation wherein endospores are formed and toxin production decreases. It is suggested that type C may be type B that forms spores more readily so does not go through the toxin-production stage. Isolating and identifying ''C novyi'' is difficult due to its extreme anaerobic nature. Commercial kits may not be adequate. It is also fastidious and difficult to culture, requiring the presence of thiols. Taxonomy ''Clostridium novyi'' is considered to be made up from three clades, labelled A, B and C, distinguished by the range of toxins they produce. While strains of type C were not linked to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Perfringens
''Clostridium perfringens'' (formerly known as ''C. welchii'', or ''Bacillus welchii'') is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming pathogenic bacterium of the genus '' Clostridium''. ''C. perfringens'' is ever-present in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. It has the shortest reported generation time of any organism at 6.3 minutes in thioglycolate medium. ''Clostridium perfringens'' is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the United States, alongside norovirus, ''Salmonella'', '' Campylobacter'', and ''Staphylococcus aureus''. However, it can sometimes be ingested and cause no harm. Infections due to ''C. perfringens'' show evidence of tissue necrosis, bacteremia, emphysematous cholecystitis, and gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis. The specific name ''perfringens'' is derived from the Latin ''per'' (meaning " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Septicum
''Clostridium septicum'' is a gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacterium. ''Clostridium septicum'' can cause gas gangrene, but unlike other Clostridium species like ''Clostridium perfringens'', no trauma is necessary at the site of the infection. It is thought that the infection is established by hematogenous spread from the gastrointestinal tract. Gas gangrene caused by ''Clostridium septicum'' is associated with colorectal cancer and other defects of the bowel. ''Clostridium septicum'' causes myonecrosis through the release of exotoxins such as the alpha toxin, lethal toxin, and hemolytic toxin General and morphological information ''Clostridium septicum'' is a large, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is a member of the normal gut flora in humans as well as other animals. ''C. septicum'' are spore formers, with a terminal spore that gives them their drumstick-like shape. They are also motile bacteria, using peritrichous flagellae to navigate fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Sordellii
''Paeniclostridium sordellii'' is a rare anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod with peritrichous flagella that is capable of causing pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, peritonitis, and myonecrosis. ''C. sordellii'' bacteremia and sepsis occur rarely. Most cases of sepsis from ''C. sordellii'' occur in patients with underlying conditions. Severe toxic shock syndrome among previously healthy persons has been described in a small number of ''C. sordellii'' cases, most often associated with gynecologic infections in women and infection of the umbilical stump in newborns. It has also been described in post-partum females, medically induced abortions, injection drug users and trauma cases. So far, all documented post-partum females who contracted ''C. sordellii'' septicaemia have died, and all but one woman who contracted the bacterium post-abortion have died . __TOC__ Infection The source of the bacteria has not been determined but it has been documented that about 0.5% to 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Tetani
''Clostridium tetani'' is a common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus. Vegetative cells of ''Clostridium tetani'' are usually rod-shaped and up to 2.5 μm long, but they become enlarged and tennis racket- or drumstick-shaped when forming spores. ''C. tetani'' spores are extremely hardy and can be found globally in soil or in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. If inoculated into a wound, ''C. tetani'' can grow and produce a potent toxin, tetanospasmin, which interferes with motor neurons, causing tetanus. The toxin's action can be prevented with tetanus toxoid vaccines, which are often administered to children worldwide. Characteristics ''Clostridium tetani'' is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, typically up to 0.5 μm wide and 2.5 μm long. It is motile by way of various flagella that surround its body. ''C. tetani'' cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. It grows best at temperatures ranging from 33 to 37°C. Upon exposure to various conditions, ''C. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animal Vaccines
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motility, able to move, can Sexual reproduction, reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of Cell (biology), cells, the blastula, during Embryogenesis, embryonic development. Over 1.5 million Extant taxon, living animal species have been Species description, described—of which around 1 million are Insecta, insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have Ecology, complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a Symmetry in biology#Bilate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
