Chuxi Tulou Cluster
The Chuxi Tulou cluster () is a group of earthen structures or "tulou" dating to the Ming dynasty (13681644). The group provides a tourist attraction in the town of Xiayang Town, Xiayang (), Yongding County, Longyan, Fujian Province, China. History Chuxi Tulou cluster is a Hakka people, Hakka village inhabited by Xu (surname), Xu () clan, who settled down in the 14th century. The first tulou was Heqing Lou (), which was the ancestry tulou of the village. After that, all tulous built in the village were named with a Chinese character ''qing'' (), with a wish of having a flourishing population. Chuxi tulou group was designated as UNESCO World Heritage site as part of Fujian Tulou in 2008. Structures A total of 36 tulous are conserved in Chuxi village. The largest and also the oldest in the cluster is Jiqing Lou (), built in 1419 during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty. It consists of two concentric rings, the outer ring building is four stories tall, with 53 room ...
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Tulou
A tulou (), or "earthen building", is a traditional communal Hakka people residence found in Fujian, in South China, usually of a circular configuration surrounding a central shrine, and part of Hakka architecture. These vernacular structures were occupied by clan groups. Although most tulou were of earthen construction, the definition "tulou" is a broadly descriptive label for a building type and does not indicate construction type. Some were constructed out of cut granite or had substantial walls of fired brick. Most large-scale tulou seen today were built of a composite of earth, sand, and lime known as sanhetu rather than just earth. The tulou is often three to four stories high. Often they would store food on the higher floors. Due to their unorthodox and strange appearance from the outside they were once mistaken for missile silos by American analysts during the Cold War. Others even compare it to ancient 'spaceships'. The noted Fujian Tulou, designated as UNESCO ...
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Ming Dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han Chinese, Han people, the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the short-lived Shun dynasty), numerous rump state, rump regimes ruled by remnants of the House of Zhu, Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662. The Ming dynasty's founder, the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398), attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid, immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty: the empire's standing army exceeded one million troops and the naval history of China, navy's dockyards in Nanjin ...
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Xiayang Town
Xiayang may refer to the following locations in the People's Republic of China: * Xiayang Lake (下洋湖), a lake in Huangshi, Hubei * Xiayang, Hunan (霞阳镇), town in Yanling County * Xiayang, Guangdong (下洋镇), town in Xuwen County Fujian * Xiayang, Nanping (峡阳镇), town in Yanping District * Xiayang, Yongchun County (下洋镇), town * Xiayang, Yongding County (下洋镇), town * Xiayang Township (夏阳乡), Mingxi County Mingxi County () is a county of Sanming City, Fujian Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to ...

Yongding County
Yongding () is a district under the jurisdiction of Longyan prefecture-level city in the southwest of Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. The district is a center for Hakka culture, including the traditional Hakka ''tulou'', and a local dialect of the Hakka Chinese called the . As of 2015, Yongding has a permanent population of about 361,000, of which more than 99% are Hakka, the rest being She people. In December 2014, the Fujian government signed legislation converting Yongding from a county to a district. Yongding is the hometown of many overseas Chinese immigrants that came to south-east Asia and Burma during the British Raj. History Yongding County was established in the 14th year of Chenghua (AD 1478) in the Ming dynasty. It was originally part of Shanghang County. The governor of Fujian province proposed to separate this south-eastern part of the Shanghang County to form a new county and name it Yongding, literally meaning peaceful forever, after suppressing a riot ...
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Longyan
Longyan (; Hakka: ''Liùng-ngàm''; Longyan dialect: ''Lengngia'') is a prefecture-level city in south-western Fujian Province, China, bordering Guangdong to the south and Jiangxi to the west. History In 736 AD, (the Tang dynasty), the prefecture of Tingzhou was established in western Fujian, or ''Minxi'' (), administering Changting, Huanglian and Xinluo counties. Six years later Xinluo was named Longyan for the nearby cavern, a famous scenic site. Due to the ancient conflicts in central China and aggression from northern tribes, many Han people moved from central China to Longyan. in 1734, the Hokkien-speaking counties of Longyan city and Zhangping were ceded from Zhangzhou to form the Longyan Prefecture within the Hakka peasant Tingzhou prefecture, a typical Hakka peasant socitiey culturally distinct from the Minnanese by the imperial court. In 1913, it reverted to its former name Longyan County and in 1981, Longyan City was established. Minxi was a strategic base during ...
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Hakka People
The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Hainan, Guizhou in China, as well as in Taoyuan City, Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Pingtung County, and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. The Chinese characters for ''Hakka'' () literally mean "guest families". Unlike other Han Chinese subgroups, the Hakkas are not named after a geographical region, e.g. a province, county or city, in China. The word ''Hakka'' or "guest families" is Cantonese in origin and originally refers to the Northern Chinese refugees fleeing social unrest, upheaval and invasions in northern parts of China (such as Gansu and Henan) during the Qin dynasty who then seek refuge in the Cantonese provinces such as Guangdong and Guangxi, thus the original meaning of the word implies that they are guests living in the C ...
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Xu (surname)
Xu can refer to the following Chinese surnames that are homographs when Romanized using their Mandarin pronunciations: * Xu (surname 徐) * Xu (surname 許) * Xu (surname 須) The tones of these surnames are different in Mandarin, but if the tone diacritics are omitted then both surnames would be spelled Xu in pinyin, and Hsü in the Wade–Giles Wade–Giles () is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Francis Wade, during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert A. Giles's '' Chinese–English Dictionary'' of ... system or Hsu if the diaeresis is also omitted. {{DEFAULTSORT:Xu (surname) Chinese-language surnames Multiple Chinese surnames ...
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Yongle Emperor
The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424. Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dynasty. He was originally enfeoffed as the Prince of Yan () in May 1370,Chan Hok-lam.Legitimating Usurpation: Historical Revisions under the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 14021424). ''The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History''. Chinese University Press, 2007. . Accessed 12 October 2012. with the capital of his princedom at Beiping (modern Beijing). Zhu Di was a capable commander against the Mongols. He initially accepted his father's appointment of his eldest brother Zhu Biao and then Zhu Biao's son Zhu Yunwen as crown prince, but when Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne as the Jianwen Emperor and began executing and demoting his powerful uncles, Zhu Di found pretext for rising in rebellion against his nephew. Assisted in large part ...
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Yongding Chuxi 2013
Yongding () may refer to: * Yongding River, in Beijing * Yongding District, Longyan, a district in Longyan, Fujian * Yongding District, Zhangjiajie, a district in Zhangjiajie, Hunan * Yongding Subdistrict, a subdistrict in Yongding District, Zhangjiajie Towns *Yongding, Beijing, in Mentougou District, Beijing * Yongding, Sichuan, in Nanbu County, Sichuan * Yongding, Xinjiang, in Huocheng County, Xinjiang * Yongding, Yunnan, in Fumin County Fumin County () is a county, under the jurisdiction of Kunming, Yunnan, China. Administrative divisions Yongding Town and Daying Town, Luomian Yi Nationality and Miao Nationality Village, Sandan Village, Kuanzhuang Village, Dongcun Village and Ch ...

Yongding Chuxi 2013
Yongding () may refer to: * Yongding River, in Beijing * Yongding District, Longyan, a district in Longyan, Fujian * Yongding District, Zhangjiajie, a district in Zhangjiajie, Hunan * Yongding Subdistrict, a subdistrict in Yongding District, Zhangjiajie Towns *Yongding, Beijing, in Mentougou District, Beijing * Yongding, Sichuan, in Nanbu County, Sichuan * Yongding, Xinjiang, in Huocheng County, Xinjiang * Yongding, Yunnan, in Fumin County Fumin County () is a county, under the jurisdiction of Kunming, Yunnan, China. Administrative divisions Yongding Town and Daying Town, Luomian Yi Nationality and Miao Nationality Village, Sandan Village, Kuanzhuang Village, Dongcun Village and Ch ...