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Central Tai
The Central Tai languages include southern dialects of Zhuang, and various Nung and Tày dialects of northern Vietnam. Central Tai languages differ from Northern Tai languages in that Central Tai distinguishes unaspirated and aspirated onsets, while Northern Tai generally does not (Li 1977). Southwestern Tai also displays this kind of aspiration contrast. Classification William Gedney considers Central Tai to be more closely related to Southwestern Tai than to Northern Tai, while André-Georges Haudricourt argues for a closer relation to Northern Tai. Pittayaporn's (2009) tentative tree of the Tai branch, however, considers Central Tai to be paraphyletic. Certain languages in predominantly Central Tai-speaking areas, such as Caolan and Nùng An in northern Vietnam, display Northern Tai features as well. These appear to be mixed languages that are not fully Central Tai or Northern Tai. Jerold A. Edmondson calls Caolan a "tertium quid." Jerold Edmondson's (2014)Edmondson, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. Covering an area of approximately , it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai. Modern Chinese trace their origins to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or dyna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Vietnam
Northern Vietnam ( vi, Bắc Bộ) is one of three geographical regions within Vietnam. It consists of three administrative regions: the Northwest (Vùng Tây Bắc), the Northeast (Vùng Đông Bắc), and the Red River Delta (Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng). It has a total area of about 109,942.9 km2. ''Tonkin'' is a historical exonym for this region plus the Thanh-Nghệ region. Of the three geographical regions, the oldest is Northern Vietnam, where the Vietnamese culture originated over 2,000 years ago in the Red River Delta, though Vietnamese people eventually spread south into the Mekong Delta. Administration Northern Vietnam includes three administrative regions, which in turn comprises 25 First Tier units. Municipality (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương) Of all 25 First Tier units, two are municipalities and 23 are provinces. See also * Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam * Tonkin Tonkin, also spelled ''Tongkin'', ''Tonquin'' or ''Tongking'', is an ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyang Zhuang Language
Pyang Zhuang, or Fuping Zhuang (), is an underdescribed Central Tai language spoken in southwestern Guangxi, China. It appears to be most closely related to Nong Zhuang. The Pyang refer to themselves as ''B2'' or ''C1-A'', but are referred to as ''C1'' by the surrounding Yang Zhuang people (Liao 2016:315). Distribution Pyang Zhuang is spoken in the following locations of Guangxi, China (Liao 2016:315-316). *Fuping Village 扶平村, Jingde Town 敬德镇, Debao County, Guangxi **Tuoxin 驮信村 (' in Pyang Zhuang) *Ronghua Township 荣华乡, Debao County, Guangxi *Kuixu Township 魁圩乡, Jingxi County, Guangxi Classification Pyang Zhuang may be closely related to the Nong Zhuang language of Yunnan. Innovations shared between Pyang Zhuang and Nong Zhuang include the following (Liao 2016:316). *Proto-Tai *kr-(Pittayaporn 2009:143); *xr- in Li (1977:233) > tɕʰ- (as opposed to *kr- > kʰj- in Yang Zhuang, and *kr- > h- in Southwestern Tai). Examples include ''tɕʰaːA1- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yang People
The Yang people, also known as the Nhang or Nyang (autonym: '), are a Tai-speaking ethnic group of Phongsaly Province, northwestern Laos. Chazee (1998) reports that they number 5,843 people as of 2015. The Yang are heavily influenced by Tai Lue culture, although the Yang of Namo Nua village, Oudomxay province are more heavily influenced by Tai Dam people culture (Chazee 1998:23). Jerold Edmondson (1997) has reported that the Buyang people of southern China claim to have relatives in Phongsaly province, Laos. It is not known whether the Yang of Laos are indeed related to the Buyang of China. The Yang Zhuang of southwestern Guangxi, China are also similarly named, as well as some groups in northwestern Vietnam that are called "Nhắng". Language In February 1998, a 300-word basic vocabulary list of the Yang language was documented by Thongphet Kingsada and Tadahiko Shintani in ''Basic vocabularies of the languages spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R.'' (1999). History According to Ya ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yang Zhuang Language
Yang Zhuang is a Tai language spoken in southwestern Guangxi, China, in Napo, Jingxi and Debao counties. Li Jinfang (1999) suggests that the Yang Zhuang originally spoke the Buyang language, and later assimilated with other Tai-speaking peoples (''See Buyang people#History''). Distribution Zhuang dialects given in the county almanacs of Jingxi County, Debao County, and Napo County are listed below. This region is also known as the "Dejing" 德靖 area. All names and statistics are from the local county almanacs (县志), as quoted in Jackson et al (2012). Note that these divisions are often ethnic rather than geographic. Thus, some "Yang" peoples may actually speak non-Yang Zhuang dialects, and vice versa. Jackson (2011) shows that most Yang dialects do indeed form a distinctive subgroup against Fu (also shown to be a distinctive subgroup) and Nong. Variants with multiple names include: *Yang 仰 in Jingxi / Nongshun 农顺 in Napo *Fu 府 in Jingxi / Lang 狼 in Debao / Nong ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Min Zhuang Language
Min Zhuang is a recently described Tai language spoken in the Langheng (郎恒) area of Funing County, Yunnan, China, and possibly also southwestern Guangxi province. All speakers are reportedly bilingual in Yei Zhuang (also known as Guibian Zhuang or Sha), which is classified as Northern Tai (Johnson 2011a). The language was first described in 2011 by Eric C. Johnson of SIL International, though it had been earlier mentioned in Kullavanijaya and L-Thongkum (1998). Names The Min Zhuang speakers of Guixun-Anhe call their language ' or '. Another Min Zhuang dialect is called ' or '. Classification Johnson (2011b) reported Min Zhuang to share many features with Nong Zhuang, a Central Tai language. However, it is unintelligible with the more widely spoken Nong Zhuang, Yei Zhuang, and Dai Zhuang languages. Distribution Min Zhuang is spoken by about 2,600 people in 11 villages. With the exception of Shangmabu (上麻布), all of the following villages are purely made up of Min Zhu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dai Zhuang Language
Dai Zhuang or Thu Lao is a Tai language spoken in Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam. In China is it spoken in Yanshan, Wenshan, Maguan, Malipo, Guangnan counties of Wenshan Prefecture. It is also spoken in Honghe Prefecture. The largest concentrations are in Wenshan (50% of total Zhuang population) and Yanshan (20% of total Zhuang population) counties (Johnson 2011b). Names Below are various names (both autonyms and exonyms) for speakers of Dai Zhuang (Johnson 2011a:43). *Pu Dai (濮岱) * *Tuliao, Tulao (土僚、土老) *Tuzu (土族) *Pulao, Puliao (濮僚; ancient Chinese ethnonym) Subdivisions and distribution Johnson (2011b) splits Dai Zhuang into 4 dialects according to tonal splitting patterns: Northern, Central, Southern, and Northeastern. They roughly correspond with the following ethnic subdivisions (Johnson 2011a). *Northern: Piled Headdress Tu (Da Tou Tu, 搭头土, Daigelai, Black Tulao). Spoken in northern Wenshan and western Yanshan counties. *Central: Flat Hea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nong Zhuang Language
Nong Zhuang () is a Tai language spoken mainly in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, China. In Wenshan Prefecture, it is spoken in Yanshan, Guangnan, Wenshan, Maguan, Funing, Xichou, and Malipo counties, and also in Honghe Prefecture and Vietnam. The heaviest concentrations relative to other Zhuang groups are in Xichou (96% of the total Zhuang population) and Malipo (90% of the total Zhuang population) counties (Johnson 2011a:43). Names Below are various names (both autonyms and exonyms) for the Nong Zhuang people (Johnson 2011a:43). *Pu Nong (濮侬) * *Nongzu (侬族) or Nongren (侬人) *Long (龙) *Bu Tei *Bendi ( 'indigenous') Subdivisions Johnson (2011a) gives the following subdivisions for the Nong Zhuang peoples. *Dao Nong (道侬), or Nong Dau ('): Guangnan County *Niang Nong (仰侬), or Nong Nyeng ('); also called the "Green Nong" (青侬): along the Chouyang River (畴阳河) in Xichou and Malipo counties. *Du Nong (赌侬), or Nong Du ('): along the Duzhou River (赌咒河 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ningming Zhuang Language
The Zhuang languages (; autonym: , pre-1982: , Sawndip: 話僮, from ''vah'', 'language' and ''Cuengh'', 'Zhuang'; ) are any of more than a dozen Tai languages spoken by the Zhuang people of Southern China in the province of Guangxi and adjacent parts of Yunnan and Guangdong. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with Northern Tai varieties across the provincial border in Guizhou, which are designated as Bouyei, whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties such as Nung, Tay and Caolan in Vietnam. Standard Zhuang is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming. The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of the Southwestern Tai languages (which include Thai, Lao and Shan) having ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Longzhou Zhuang Language
The Zhuang languages (; autonym: , pre-1982: , Sawndip: 話僮, from ''vah'', 'language' and ''Cuengh'', 'Zhuang'; ) are any of more than a dozen Tai languages spoken by the Zhuang people of Southern China in the province of Guangxi and adjacent parts of Yunnan and Guangdong. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with Northern Tai varieties across the provincial border in Guizhou, which are designated as Bouyei, whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties such as Nung, Tay and Caolan in Vietnam. Standard Zhuang is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming. The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of the Southwestern Tai languages (which include Thai, Lao and Shan) having ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jerold Edmondson
Jerold Alan Edmondson (born 1941) (Chinese name: 艾杰瑞 Aì Jiéruì) is an American linguist whose work spans four subdisciplines: historical and comparative linguistics, Asian linguistics, field linguistics, and phonetics. He is a leading specialist in Tai–Kadai languages of Asia, especially the Kam–Sui and Kra branches. Biography Edmonson was born in Plainfield, Indiana. He earned his PhD in Germanic Languages from UCLA in 1973 and a Habilitation in General Linguistics from the Technical University Berlin in 1979. He was an Assistant Professor of English and General Linguistics at the Technical University Berlin from 1976-1980. He joined the faculty of the University of Texas at Arlington in 1981 and went on to attain the rank of Professor, becoming a Professor Emeritus in 2011. As founding director of the Program in Linguistics from 1991-1999, he shepherded its growth into the current Department of Linguistics and TESOL. Edmondson earned many accolades while at UT Arli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tertium Quid
Tertium quid refers to an unidentified third element that is in combination with two known ones.Tertium quid , ''Online Etymological Dictionary'' The phrase is associated with alchemy. It is Latin for "third something" (literally, "third what"), a translation of the Ancient Greek, Greek ''triton ti'' (τρίτον τί). The Greek phrase was used by Plato (360 BC), and by Irenæus (''c.'' AD 196). The earliest Latin example is by Tertullian (''c.'' 220), who used the phrase to describe a mixed substance with composite properties such as electrum, a somewhat different sense than the modern meaning. In Christology In the Christological debates of the fourth century, it was used to refer to the followers of Apollinarianism, Apollinaris who spoke of Christ as something ne ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
