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Xanthidae
Xanthidae is a family of crabs known as gorilla crabs, mud crabs, pebble crabs or rubble crabs. Xanthid crabs are often brightly coloured and are highly poisonous, containing toxins which are not destroyed by cooking and for which no antidote is known. The toxins are similar to the tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin produced by puffer fish, and may be produced by bacteria in the genus ''Vibrio'' living in symbiosis with the crabs, mostly '' V. alginolyticus'' and '' V. parahaemolyticus''. Classification Many species formerly included in the family Xanthidae have since been moved to new families. Despite this, Xanthidae is still the largest crab family in terms of species richness, with 572 species in 133 genera divided among the thirteen subfamilies: * Actaeinae Alcock, 1898 **'' Actaea'' De Haan, 1833 **'' Actaeodes'' Dana, 1851 **'' Actaeops'' † Portell & Collins, 2004 **'' Allactaea'' Williams, 1974 **'' Epiactaea'' Serène, 1984 **'' Epiactaeodes'' Serène, 1984 **''Forestia'' Gu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xantho Poressa
''Xantho poressa'', the jaguar round crab, is a species of crab from the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is one of four species in the genus ''Xantho''. Description The juveniles of ''X. poressa'' are cryptically coloured as camouflage among the epibionts on the leaves of ''Posidonia'' with a variable carapace colour, which can be yellowish, reddish, brown, or dark grey with patches of another colour, usually white. The pereiopods are usually banded with dark brown or black bands alternating with white or translucent stripes or spots, although the fifth pereiopod is brighter and often unmarked. The adults are uniformly dark grey in colour and they leave the seagrass beds for more open, rocky substrates. Distribution ''X. poressa'' is distributed throughout the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and into the warmer parts of the north eastern Atlantic to the Canary Islands. Biology The larvae of ''X. poressa'' go through four zoeal and one megalopal stages, which are typical of most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crab
Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (abdomen) ( el, βραχύς , translit=brachys = short, / = tail), usually hidden entirely under the thorax. They live in all the world's oceans, in freshwater, and on land, are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, and have a single pair of pincers. They first appeared during the Jurassic Period. Description Crabs are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, composed primarily of highly mineralized chitin, and armed with a pair of chelae (claws). Crabs vary in size from the pea crab, a few millimeters wide, to the Japanese spider crab, with a leg span up to . Several other groups of crustaceans with similar appearances – such as king crabs and porcelain crabs – are not true crabs, but have evolved features similar to true crabs through a process known as carcinisation. Environment Crabs are found in all of the world's oceans, as well as in fresh w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glyptoxanthinae
''Glyptoxanthus'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing eight species. It was originally erected by Alphonse Milne-Edwards Alphonse Milne-Edwards (Paris, 13 October 1835 – Paris, 21 April 1900) was a French mammalogist, ornithologist, and carcinologist. He was English in origin, the son of Henri Milne-Edwards and grandson of Bryan Edwards, a Jamaican planter who se ... in 1879 for six species previously placed in the genus '' Actaea'' and elsewhere. Although previously included in subfamily Euxanthinae, the genus has a quite distinct morphology from other genera in that group, and was placed in 2011 in the new, monotypic subfamily, Glyptoxanthinae by Jose Christopher Mendoza and Danièle Guinot. List of species * '' Glyptoxanthus angolensis'' (Brito Capello, 1866) * '' Glyptoxanthus cavernosus'' (A. Milne-Edwards, 1878) * '' Glyptoxanthus corrosus'' (A. Milne-Edwards, 1869) * '' Glyptoxanthus erosus'' (Stimpson, 1859) * '' Glyptoxanthus hancocki'' Garth, 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cymoinae
''Cymo'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing the following species: *'' Cymo andreossyi'' (Audouin, 1826) *'' Cymo barunae'' Ho & Ng, 2005 *'' Cymo cerasma'' Morgan, 1990 *'' Cymo deplanatus'' A. Milne-Edwards, 1873 *'' Cymo lanatopodus'' Galil & Vannini, 1990 *''Cymo melanodactylus ''Cymo melanodactylus'', the furry coral crab, is a species of small decapod crustacean in the family Xanthidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and lives in crevices and on the surface of corals in the genus ''Acropora''. Description The ...'' Dana, 1852 *'' Cymo quadrilobatus'' Miers, 1884 *'' Cymo tuberculatus'' Ortmann, 1893 References Xanthoidea Decapod genera {{Crab-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speocarcininae
''Speocarcinus'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing six extant species, one fossil species from the Late Miocene, one fossil species from the Eocene (Lutetian) and one fossil species from the Early Eocene (Ypresian): *''Speocarcinus carolinensis'' Stimpson, 1859 *''Speocarcinus granulimanus'' Rathbun, 1894 *''Speocarcinus lobatus'' Guinot, 1969 *''Speocarcinus meloi'' D'Incao & Gomes da Silva, 1992 *''Speocarcinus monotuberculatus'' Falder & Rabalais, 1986 *''Speocarcinus spinicarpus'' Guinot, 1969 *† ''Speocarcinus berglundi'' Tucker ''et al.'', 1994 *† ''Speocarcinus tuberculatus'' (Beschin, De Angeli, Checchi & Zarantonello, 2005); originally described as a species of ''Paraxanthosia'', transferred to the genus ''Speocarcinus'' by Beschin ''et al.'' (2012) *† ''Speocarcinus latus'' Beschin ''et al.'', 2016 References Xanthoidea Extant Ypresian first appearances {{Crab-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin. Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an order that includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Although tetrodotoxin was discovered in these fish and found in several other animals (e.g., in blue-ringed octopuses, rough-skinned newts, and moon snails), it is actually produced by certain infecting or symbiotic bacteria like ''Pseudoalteromonas'', ''Pseudomonas'', and ''Vibrio'' as well as other species found in animals. Tetrodotoxin is a sodium channel blocker. It inhibits the firing of action potentials in neurons by binding to the voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes and blocking the passage of sodium ions (responsible for the rising phase of an action potential) into the neuron. This prevents the nervous system from carrying messages and thus muscles from contracting in response to nervous stimulation. Its mechanism of action, selective blocking o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' (V. parahaemolyticus) is a curved, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium found in the sea and in estuaries which, when ingested, may cause gastrointestinal illness in humans. ''V. parahaemolyticus'' is oxidase positive, facultatively aerobic, and does not form spores. Like other members of the genus ''Vibrio'', this species is motile, with a single, polar flagellum. Pathogenesis While infection can occur by the fecal-oral route, ingestion of bacteria in raw or undercooked seafood, usually oysters, is the predominant cause of the acute gastroenteritis caused by ''V. parahaemolyticus''. Wound infections also occur, but are less common than seafood-borne disease. The disease mechanism of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' infections has not been fully elucidated. Clinical isolates usually possess a pathogenicity island (PAI) on the second chromosome. The PAI can be acquired by horizontal gene transfer and contains genes for several virulence factors. Two fully s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vibrio Alginolyticus
''Vibrio alginolyticus'' is a Gram-negative marine bacterium. It is medically important since it causes otitis and wound infection. It is also present in the bodies of animals such as pufferfish, where it is responsible for the production of the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin. ''Vibrio alginolyticus'' are commonly found in aquatic environments. Some strains of ''V. alginolyticus'' are highly salt tolerant and commonly found in marine environment. S.I. Paul et al. (2021) isolated and identified many strains of ''Vibrio alginolyticus'' from nine marine sponges of the Saint Martin's Island Area of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos .... ''V. alginolyticus'' was first identified as a pathogen of humans in 1973.Longo, Dan, et al. Harriso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Symbiosis
Symbiosis (from Greek , , "living together", from , , "together", and , bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, must be of different species. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms". The term was subject to a century-long debate about whether it should specifically denote mutualism, as in lichens. Biologists have now abandoned that restriction. Symbiosis can be obligatory, which means that one or more of the symbionts depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional), when they can generally live independently. Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment. When symbionts form a single body it is called conjunctive symbiosis, while all other arrangements are called disjunctive symbiosis."symbiosis." Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vibrio
''Vibrio'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing a curved-rod (comma) shape, several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. Being highly salt tolerant and unable to survive in fresh water, ''Vibrio'' spp. are commonly found in various salt water environments. ''Vibrio'' spp. are facultative anaerobes that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores. All members of the genus are motile. They are able to have polar or lateral flagellum with or without sheaths. ''Vibrio'' species typically possess two chromosomes, which is unusual for bacteria. Each chromosome has a distinct and independent origin of replication, and are conserved together over time in the genus. Recent phylogenies have been constructed based on a suite of genes (multilocus sequence analysis). O. F. Müller (1773, 1786) described eight species of the genus ''Vibrio'' (included in Infusoria), three of which were spirilliforms. Some of the o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Richness
Species richness is the number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region. Species richness is simply a count of species, and it does not take into account the abundances of the species or their relative abundance distributions. Species richness is sometimes considered synonymous with species diversity, but the formal metric species diversity takes into account both species richness and species evenness. Sampling considerations Depending on the purposes of quantifying species richness, the individuals can be selected in different ways. They can be, for example, trees found in an inventory plot, birds observed from a monitoring point, or beetles collected in a pitfall trap. Once the set of individuals has been defined, its species richness can be exactly quantified, provided the species-level taxonomy of the organisms of interest is well enough known. Applying different species delimitations will lead to different species richness values ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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