Xanthidae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

crab Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (abdomen) ( el, βραχύς , translit=brachys = short, / = tail), usually hidden entirely under the thorax. They live in all the ...

s known as gorilla crabs, mud crabs, pebble crabs or rubble crabs. Xanthid crabs are often brightly coloured and are highly poisonous, containing

toxin A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. Toxins occur especially as a protein or conjugated protein. The term toxin was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849– ...

s which are not destroyed by

cooking Cooking, cookery, or culinary arts is the art, science and craft of using heat to Outline of food preparation, prepare food for consumption. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely, from grilling food over an open fire to using electric ...

and for which no

antidote An antidote is a substance that can counteract a form of poisoning. The term ultimately derives from the Greek term φάρμακον ἀντίδοτον ''(pharmakon) antidoton'', "(medicine) given as a remedy". Antidotes for anticoagulants are s ...

is known. The toxins are similar to the

tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin. Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an order that includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Although tetrodotoxin was discovered ...

and

saxitoxin Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin (PST). Ingestion of saxitoxin by humans, usually by consumption of shellfish contaminated by toxic algal blooms, is responsible for the illness known as paralytic ...

produced by

puffer fish Tetraodontidae is a family of primarily marine and estuarine fish of the order Tetraodontiformes. The family includes many familiar species variously called pufferfish, puffers, balloonfish, blowfish, blowies, bubblefish, globefish, swellfis ...

, and may be produced by

bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...

in the genus ''

Vibrio ''Vibrio'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing a curved-rod (comma) shape, several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. Being highly salt tolerant and unable to survive ...

'' living in

symbiosis Symbiosis (from Greek , , "living together", from , , "together", and , bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasit ...

with the crabs, mostly '' V. alginolyticus'' and '' V. parahaemolyticus''.

Classification

Many species formerly included in the family Xanthidae have since been moved to new families. Despite this, Xanthidae is still the largest crab family in terms of

species richness Species richness is the number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region. Species richness is simply a count of species, and it does not take into account the abundances of the species or their relative a ...

, with 572 species in 133 genera divided among the thirteen subfamilies: * Actaeinae Alcock, 1898 **'' Actaea'' De Haan, 1833 **'' Actaeodes'' Dana, 1851 **'' Actaeops'' † Portell & Collins, 2004 **'' Allactaea'' Williams, 1974 **'' Epiactaea'' Serène, 1984 **'' Epiactaeodes'' Serène, 1984 **''

Forestia ''Forestia'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing the following species: * '' Forestia abrolhensis'' (Montgomery, 1931) * '' Forestia depressa'' (White, 1848) * '' Forestia pascua'' Garth, 1985 * '' Forestia scabra'' (Odhner, ...

'' Guinot, 1976 **'' Gaillardiellus'' Guinot, 1976 **'' Heteractaea'' Lockington, 1877 **'' Lobiactaea'' T. Sakai, 1983 **'' Meractaea'' Serène, 1984 **'' Novactaea'' Guinot, 1976 **'' Odhneria'' T. Sakai, 1983 **'' Paractaea'' Guinot, 1969 **'' Paractaeopsis'' Serène, 1984 **'' Phlyctenodes'' † A. Milne-Edwards, 1862 **'' Platyactaea'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Psaumis'' Kossmann, 1877 **'' Pseudactaea'' Serène, 1962 **'' Pseudoliomera'' Odhner, 1925 **'' Pseudophlyctenodes'' † Busulini, Tessier & Beschin, 2006 **'' Rata'' Davie, 1993 **'' Serenius'' Guinot, 1976 * Antrocarcininae Ng & D. G. B. Chia, 1994 **'' Antrocarcinus'' Ng & D. G. B. Chia, 1994 **'' Cyrtocarcinus'' Ng & D. G. B. Chia, 1994 **'' Glyptocarcinus'' Takeda, 1973 * Chlorodiellinae Ng & Holthuis, 2007 **'' Chlorodiella'' Rathbun, 1897 **'' Cyclodius'' Dana, 1851 **'' Garthiella'' Titgen, 1986 **'' Liocarpiloides'' Klunzinger, 1913 **'' Pilodius'' Dana, 1851 **'' Sulcodius'' P. F. Clark & Ng, 1999 **'' Tweedieia'' Ward, 1935 **'' Vellodius'' Ng & Yang, 1998 *

Cymoinae ''Cymo'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing the following species: *'' Cymo andreossyi'' (Audouin, 1826) *'' Cymo barunae'' Ho & Ng, 2005 *'' Cymo cerasma'' Morgan, 1990 *'' Cymo deplanatus'' A. Milne-Edwards, 1873 *'' Cym ...

Alcock, 1898 **'' Cymo'' De Haan, 1833 * Etisinae Ortmann, 1893 **'' Etisus'' H. Milne-Edwards, 1834 **'' Paraetisus'' Ward, 1933 * Euxanthinae Alcock, 1898 **'' Alainodaeus'' Davie, 1993 **'' Batodaeus'' Vázquez-Bader & Gracia, 2004 **'' Carpoporus'' Stimpson, 1871 **'' Cranaothus'' Ng, 1993 **'' Crosnierius'' Serène & Vadon, 1981 **'' Danielea'' Ng & P. F. Clark, 2003 **'' Edwardsium'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Epistocavea'' Davie, 1993 **''

Euxanthus ''Euxanthus'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae Xanthidae is a family of crabs known as gorilla crabs, mud crabs, pebble crabs or rubble crabs. Xanthid crabs are often brightly coloured and are highly poisonous, containing toxins wh ...

'' Dana, 1851 **'' Guinotellus'' Serène, 1971 **'' Hepatoporus'' Serène, 1984 **'' Hypocolpus'' Rathbun, 1897 **'' Ladomedaeus'' Števčić, 2005 **'' Lipaesthesius'' Rathbun, 1898 **'' Medaeops'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Medaeus'' Dana, 1851 **'' Miersiella'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Monodaeus'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Olenothus'' Ng, 2002 **'' Palatigum'' Davie, 1997 **'' Paramedaeus'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Pleurocolpus'' Crosnier, 1995 **'' Pseudomedaeus'' Guinot, 1968 **'' Rizalthus'' Mendoza & Ng, 2008 **'' Visayax'' Mendoza & Ng, 2008 *

Glyptoxanthinae ''Glyptoxanthus'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing eight species. It was originally erected by Alphonse Milne-Edwards Alphonse Milne-Edwards (Paris, 13 October 1835 – Paris, 21 April 1900) was a French mammalogist, or ...

Mendoza & Guinot, 2011 **'' Glyptoxanthus'' A. Milne-Edwards, 1879 * Kraussiinae Ng, 1993 **'' Garthasia'' Ng, 1993 **''

Kraussia ''Kraussia'' is a flowering plant genus in the family Rubiaceae. Apart from a species in Socotra, they are native to continental Africa. The type was described from a plant collected by Dr. F. Krauss near Durban Durban ( ) ( zu, eThekwin ...

'' Dana, 1852 **'' Palapedia'' Ng, 1993 * Liomerinae T. Sakai, 1976 **'' Actiomera'' Ng, Guinot & Davie, 2008 **'' Bruciana'' Serène, 1977 **'' Liomera'' Dana, 1851 **'' Meriola'' Davie, 1993 **'' Neoliomera'' Odhner, 1925 **'' Neomeria'' † C.-H. Hu & Tao, 1996 **''

Paraliomera ''Paraliomera'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae Xanthidae is a family of crabs known as gorilla crabs, mud crabs, pebble crabs or rubble crabs. Xanthid crabs are often brightly coloured and are highly poisonous, containing toxins ...

'' Rathbun, 1930 * Polydectinae Dana, 1851 **''

Lybia ''Lybia'' is a genus of small crabs in the family Xanthidae. Their common names include boxer crabs, boxing crabs and pom-pom crabs. They are notable for their mutualism with sea anemones, which they hold in their claws for defense. In retur ...

'' H. Milne-Edwards, 1834 **'' Polydectus'' H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 *

Speocarcininae ''Speocarcinus'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing six extant species, one fossil species from the Late Miocene, one fossil species from the Eocene (Lutetian) and one fossil species from the Early Eocene (Ypresian In the ...

Števčić, 2005 **'' Speocarcinus'' Stimpson, 1859 *

Trichia ''Trichia'' is a genus of slime molds in the family Trichiidae Trichiales ( synonymous with Trichiida) is an order of slime moulds in the phylum Amoebozoa. Trichiales is one of five orders in the group Myxomycetes (also called Myxogastria) ...

**'' Trichia dromiaeformis'' * Xanthinae MacLeay, 1838 **'' Cataleptodius'' Guinot, 1968 **'' Coralliope'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Cycloxanthops'' Rathbun, 1897 **''

Demania ''Demania'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae Xanthidae is a family of crabs known as gorilla crabs, mud crabs, pebble crabs or rubble crabs. Xanthid crabs are often brightly coloured and are highly poisonous, containing toxins whic ...

'' Laurie, 1906 **'' Ectaesthesius'' Rathbun, 1898 **'' Epixanthops'' Serène, 1984 **'' Eucratodes'' A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 **'' Euryxanthops'' Garth & Kim, 1983 **'' Garthiope'' Guinot, 1990 **'' Gaudichaudia'' Rathbun, 1930 **'' Gonopanope'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Guitonia'' Garth & Iliffe, 1992 **'' Jacforus'' Ng & P. F. Clark, 2003 **'' Juxtaxanthias'' Ward, 1942 **'' Lachnopodus'' Stimpson, 1858 **'' Leptodius'' A. Milne-Edwards, 1863 **'' Liagore'' De Haan, 1833 **'' Linnaeoxanthus'' Števčić, 2005 **'' Lioxanthodes'' Calman, 1909 **'' Macromedaeus'' Ward, 1942 **'' Marratha'' Ng & P. F. Clark, 2003 **'' Megametope'' Filhol, 1886 **'' Megamia'' † Karasawa, 1993 **'' Melybia'' Stimpson, 1871 **'' Metaxanthops'' Serène, 1984 **'' Metopoxantho'' † De Man, 1904 **'' Microcassiope'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Micropanope'' Stimpson, 1871 **'' Nanocassiope'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Nectopanope'' Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 **'' Neolioxantho'' Garth & Kim, 1983 **'' Neoxanthias'' Ward, 1932 **'' Neoxanthops'' Guinot, 1968 **'' Orphnoxanthus'' Alcock, 1896 **'' Ovatis'' Ng & H.-I. Chen, 2004 **'' Palaeoxanthops'' † Karasawa, 1993 **'' Paraxanthias'' Odhner, 1925 **'' Paraxanthodes'' Guinot, 1968 **'' Paraxanthus'' Lucas, 1844 **''

Xanthias Xanthias refers to several characters, notably all slaves, who appear in plays by the Ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes. History In ''The Frogs'', Xanthias is the slave of Dionysus. He delivers the opening line of the play, riding on Dionysus ...

'' Rathbun, 1897 **''

Xantho ''Xantho'' is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing five extant species, all restricted to the north-east Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, although '' Xantho granulicarpis'' is not universally recognised as a separate species ...

'' Leach, 1814 **'' Xanthodius'' Stimpson, 1859 * Zalasiinae Serène, 1968 **'' Banareia'' A. Milne-Edwards, 1869 **'' Calvactaea'' Ward, 1933 **'' Zalasius'' Rathbun, 1897 * Zosiminae Alcock, 1898 **'' Atergatis'' De Haan, 1833 **'' Atergatopsis'' A. Milne-Edwards, 1862 **'' Lophozozymus'' A. Milne-Edwards, 1863 **'' Paratergatis'' T. Sakai, 1965 **'' Platypodia'' Bell, 1835 **'' Platypodiella'' Guinot, 1967 **'' Pulcratis'' Ng & Huang, 1977 **''

Zosimus Zosimus, Zosimos, Zosima or Zosimas may refer to: People * * Rufus and Zosimus (died 107), Christian saints * Zosimus (martyr) (died 110), Christian martyr who was executed in Umbria, Italy * Zosimos of Panopolis, also known as ''Zosimus Alchem ...

'' Leach, 1818 **'' Zozymodes'' Heller, 1861 *''

Incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'' **'' Haydnella'' † Müller, 1984 **'' Nogarolia'' † Beschin, Busulini, De Angeli & Tessier, 1994 **'' Sculptoplax'' † Müller & Collins, 1991

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q648406 Xanthoidea Decapod families