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Splachnaceae
Splachnaceae is a family of mosses, containing around 70 species in 6 genera. Around half of those species are entomophilous, using insects to disperse their spores, a characteristic found in no other seedless land plants. Many species in this family are coprophilous, growing exclusively on animal faeces or carrion. For this reason, certain genera such as ''Splachnum'' Hedw. are often referred to as dung mosses. Description Gametophyte Mosses in this family are predominantly dioicous (archegonia and antheridia on separate individuals); although exceptions are known such as ''S.'' ''pensylvanicum'' which is monoicous. The gametophyte is always acrocarpous (standing up), with green-yellow to reddish leaves/stems, and most often under 5 cm in height. Stems stand vertically and when cross-sectioned, can be seen to have a well-defined central strand. Large parenchymatous cells surround the central strand with thin, red to orange cell walls. Cortex (botany), Cortical cells a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tayloria (plant)
''Tayloria'' is a genus of mosses in the family Splachnaceae. It comprises 45 species, divided among 6 subgenera In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...: *''Tayloria'' subg. ''Tayloria'' :*'' Tayloria acuminata'' Homsch. :*'' Tayloria delavayi'' (Besch.) Besch. :*'' Tayloria froelichiana'' (Hedw.) Broth. :*'' Tayloria grandis'' (Long) Goffinet & Shaw :*'' Tayloria kilimandscharica'' Broth. :*'' Tayloria rudimenta'' Bai & Tan :*'' Tayloria rudolphiana'' (Garov.) B.S.G. :*'' Tayloria serrata'' (Hedw.) B.S.G. :*'' Tayloria splachnoides'' (Schwagr.) W.J. Hook. :*'' Tayloria tenuis'' (With.) W.P. Schimp. *''Tayloria'' subg. ''Pseudotetraplodon'' A.K. Kop. :*'' Tayloria altorum'' Herzog :*'' Tayloria dubyi'' Broth. :*'' Tayloria novo-guinensis'' E.B. Bart. :*'' Tayloria octobl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Splachnum
Splachnum, also known as dung moss or petticoat moss, is a genus of moss that is well known for its entomophily. It commonly grows on patches of dung or decomposing animal matter. Etymology The name ''Splachnum'' comes from the Ancient Greek word ''splachnos'', meaning guts or entrails. This refers to appearance of the top of the plant's dried sporophyte - it is often red and wrinkled. Description This genus is known for its unique sporophyte structure. Sporophytes are brightly coloured and produce an odour similar to dung meant to attract insects. This sort of chemical mimicry of decomposing matter is unique in ''Splachnum'' and closely related genera. Evolution and taxonomy Because ''Splachnum'' grows in such specific conditions, it is used as a model species for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms necessary for co-existing in patchy habitats. Species * ''Splachnum sphaericum'' * '' Splachnum rubrum'' * '' Splachnum luteum'' * '' Splachnum ampullaceum'' * ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetraplodon (plant)
''Tetraplodon'' is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Splachnaceae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext .... Species: *'' Tetraplodon angustatus'' *'' Tetraplodon blyttii'' *'' Tetraplodon bryoides'' *'' Tetraplodon caulescens'' *'' Tetraplodon fuegianus'' *'' Tetraplodon itatiaiae'' *'' Tetraplodon mnioides'' *'' Tetraplodon pallidus'' *'' Tetraplodon paradoxus'' *'' Tetraplodon stenophysatus'' *'' Tetraplodon tomentosus'' *'' Tetraplodon urceolatus'' References * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q15850409 Splachnales Moss genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entomophily
Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects. Flowers pollinated by insects typically advertise themselves with bright colours, sometimes with conspicuous patterns (honey guides) leading to rewards of pollen and nectar; they may also have an attractive scent which in some cases mimics insect pheromones. Insect pollinators such as bees have adaptations for their role, such as lapping or sucking mouthparts to take in nectar, and in some species also pollen baskets on their hind legs. This required the coevolution of insects and flowering plants in the development of pollination behaviour by the insects and pollination mechanisms by the flowers, benefiting both groups. Coevolution History The early spermatophytes (seed plants) were largely dependent on the wind to carry their pollen from one plant to another. Prior to the appearance of flowering plants some gymnospe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Splachnum Sphaericum
''Splachnum sphaericum'', also known as pinkstink dung moss, is a species of moss. This species occurs in North America. It also occurs in upland Britain, where it is known as round-fruited collar-moss and in north temperate and boreal regions of Europe. Its habitat is bog and wet heathland where it grows on herbivore dung. This and other ''Splachnum'' species are entomophilous. The sporophyte A sporophyte () is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga which produces asexual spores. This stage alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte phase. Life cycle The sporophyte develops from the zygote ...s, which are generally coloured red or black, produce an odour of carrion that is attractive to flies and the spores are dispersed by flies to fresh dung.J. R. Vaizey (1890) On the Morphology of the Sporophyte of ''Splachnum luteum''. Annals of Botany 1, 1-8. References Splachnales Bryophyta of North America Plants described in 1801< ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aplodon (plant)
''Aplodon'' is a monotypic genus of mosses belonging to the family Splachnaceae. The only species is ''Aplodon wormskioldii''. The species was described by Robert Brown in 1823. The species of this genus are found in Subarctic The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of humid continental regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Scandinavia, Siberia, and the Cairngorms. Generally, ... Eurasia and Northern America. References {{Taxonbar, from1=Q17317578, from2=Q17258867 Splachnales ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle, but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoeboid infectious germs ("amoebulae") into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte, which eventually goes on to produce gametes. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote which develops into a new s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoicous
Monoicy () is a sexual system in haploid plants (mainly bryophytes) where both sperm and eggs are produced on the same gametophyte, in contrast with dioicy, where each gametophyte produces only sperm or eggs but never both.Crandall-Stotler, B.J. & Bartholomew-Began, S.E. (2007). ''Morphology of Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)''. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. (1993+). ''Flora of North America North of Mexico''. 16+ vols. New York and Oxford. Volume 27, 2007.Bell, P.R. & Helmsley, A.R. (2000). ''Green plants, their origin and diversity'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. Both monoicous () and dioicous gametophytes produce gametes in gametangia by mitosis rather than meiosis, so that sperm and eggs are genetically identical with their parent gametophyte. It has been suggested that monoicy may have benefits in dry habitats where the ability to produce sporophytes is limited due to lack of water. Monoicy is similar to, and often conflated with, monoecy, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dioicous
Dioicy () is a sexual system where archegonia and antheridia are produced on separate gametophytes. It is one of the two main sexual systems in bryophytes. Both dioicous () and monoicous gametophytes produce gametes in gametangia by mitosis rather than meiosis, so that sperm and eggs are genetically identical with their parent gametophyte. Description Dioicy promotes outcrossing. Sexual dimorphism is commonly found in dioicous species. However, according to Bernard Goffinet sexual dimorphism is rare in dioicous moss species. Dioicy is correlated with reduced sporophyte production, due to spatial separation of male and female colonies, scarcity or absence of males. The term dioecy is meaningless for bryophytes because it refers to the sexuality of sporophytes. Nonetheless dioecy and dioicy are comparable in many respects. Etymology The words dioicous and di(o)ecious are derived from οἶκος or οἰκία and δι- (di-), twice, double. (''(o)e'' is the Latin way of tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus '' Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should clearly demons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carrion
Carrion () is the decaying flesh of dead animals, including human flesh. Overview Carrion is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems. Examples of carrion-eaters (or scavengers) include crows, vultures, condors, hawks, eagles, hyenas, Virginia opossum, Tasmanian devils, coyotes and Komodo dragons. Many invertebrates, such as the carrion and burying beetles, as well as maggots of calliphorid flies (such as one of the most important species in '' Calliphora vomitoria'') and flesh-flies, also eat carrion, playing an important role in recycling nitrogen and carbon in animal remains. Carrion begins to decay at the moment of the animal's death, and it will increasingly attract insects and breed bacteria. Not long after the animal has died, its body will begin to exude a foul odor caused by the presence of bacteria and the emission of cadaverine and putrescine. Some plants and fungi smell like decomposing carrion and attract insects that a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Journal Of Botany
The ''American Journal of Botany'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of plant biology. It has been published by the Botanical Society of America since 1914. The journal has an impact factor of 3.038, as of 2019. As of 2018, access is available through the publisher John Wiley & Sons (Wiley). From 1951 to 1953, Oswald Tippo served as its editor; the current editor is Pamela Diggle. History In the early 20th century, the field of botany was rapidly expanding, but the publications in which botanists could publish remained limited and heavily backlogged. By 1905, it was estimated that 250,000 contributions were generated in 8 or 9 languages. At the 1911 annual meeting of the society in Washington D.C., it was noted that at least 300 pages of American botanical contributions were sent abroad for publication, with a backlog resulting in a one-year delay in publication. On 31 December 1907, the Botanical Society of America met in Chicago and formal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
