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Conventionsthaler
The ''Conventionstaler'' or ''Konventionstaler'' ("Convention ''thaler''"), was a standard silver coin in the Austrian Empire and the southern German states of the Holy Roman Empire from the mid-18th to early 19th-centuries. Its most famous example is the Maria Theresa thaler which is still minted today. The ''Conventionsgulden'' was equivalent to a ''Conventionsthaler''. History The Austrian Empire introduced the Convention currency standard in 1754 to replace the Leipzig standard of 1690, after a drop in the gold-silver price ratio from 15 to 14.5 in the 1730s unleashed a flood of cheaper ''thalers'' defined in gold. The Leipzig standard defined the North German thaler currency unit at the ''Reichsthaler'' specie of 25.984 g, or 19.488 g fine silver. In contrast, in 1741 the gold Friedrich d'or pistole of 6.05 g fine gold was issued for 5 ''thalers''. This resulted in a cheaper Thaler Gold worth 1.21 g fine gold or 1.21 x 14.5 = 17.545 g fine silver. The ''Conventionsthale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konventionstaler
The ''Conventionstaler'' or ''Konventionstaler'' ("Convention ''thaler''"), was a standard silver coin in the Austrian Empire and the southern German states of the Holy Roman Empire from the mid-18th to early 19th-centuries. Its most famous example is the Maria Theresa thaler which is still minted today. The ''Conventionsgulden'' was equivalent to a ''Conventionsthaler''. History The Austrian Empire introduced the Convention currency standard in 1754 to replace the Leipzig standard of 1690, after a drop in the gold-silver price ratio from 15 to 14.5 in the 1730s unleashed a flood of cheaper ''thalers'' defined in gold. The Leipzig standard defined the North German thaler currency unit at the ''Reichsthaler'' specie of 25.984 g, or 19.488 g fine silver. In contrast, in 1741 the gold Friedrich d'or pistole of 6.05 g fine gold was issued for 5 ''thalers''. This resulted in a cheaper Thaler Gold worth 1.21 g fine gold or 1.21 x 14.5 = 17.545 g fine silver. The ''Conventionsthale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thaler
A thaler (; also taler, from german: Taler) is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period. A ''thaler'' size silver coin has a diameter of about and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams (roughly 1 ounce). The word is shortened from ''Joachimsthaler'', the original ''thaler'' coin minted in Joachimstal, Bohemia, from 1520. While the first standard coin of the Holy Roman Empire was the ''Guldengroschen'' of 1524, its longest-lived coin was the ''Reichsthaler (Reichstaler)'', which contained Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 25.984 g), and which was issued in various versions from 1566 to 1875. From the 17th century a lesser-valued ''North German thaler'' currency unit emerged, which by the 19th century became par with the ''Vereinsthaler''. The ''thaler'' silver coin type continued to be minted until the 20th century in the form of the Mexican peso until 1914, the five S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North German Thaler
The North German thaler was a currency used by several states of Northern Germany from 1690 to 1873, first under the Holy Roman Empire, then by the German Confederation. Originally equal to the Reichsthaler specie or silver coin from 1566 until the ''Kipper und Wipper'' crisis of 1618, a ''thaler'' currency unit worth less than the ''Reichsthaler specie'' was first defined in 1667 and became widely used after adoption of the Leipzig currency standard of 1690. After the 1840s, the different North German states made their thalers equal in value to the '' Prussian thaler''; these thalers were then made par to the ''Vereinsthaler'' in 1857. The various North German ''thalers'' and ''vereinsthalers'' were all replaced in 1873 by the ''German gold mark'' at the rate of 3 marks per ''thaler''. Several old books confusingly use the same term Reichsthaler for the ''specie silver coin'' as well as the ''currency unit''. This is disambiguated by referring to the full-valued coin as the '' R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austro-Hungarian Florin
The florin (german: Gulden, hu, forint, hr, forinta/florin, cs, zlatý) was the currency of the lands of the House of Habsburg between 1754 and 1892 (known as the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867 and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy after 1867), when it was replaced by the Austro-Hungarian crown as part of the introduction of the gold standard. In Austria, the florin was initially divided into 60 kreutzers (german: Kreuzer, hu, krajcar, hr, krajczár cs, krejcar). The currency was decimalized in 1857, using the same names for the unit and subunit. Name The name ''Gulden'' was used on the pre-1867 Austrian banknotes and on the German language side of the post-1867 banknotes. In southern Germany, the word Gulden was the standard word for a major currency unit. After 1867 Austrian coins used the name ''Florin''. "Florin" is derived from the city of Florence, Italy where the first florins were minted, from 1252 to 1533. History The florin (German: ''Gulden'') first emerged as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South German Gulden
The South German Gulden was the currency of the states of southern Germany between 1754 and 1873. These states included Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern. It was divided into 60 kreuzer, with each kreuzer worth 4 pfennig or 8 heller. History This specific ''Gulden'' was based on the '' Gulden'' or '' florin'' used in the Holy Roman Empire during the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period. The ''Gulden'' first emerged as a common currency of the Holy Roman Empire after the 1524 ''Reichsmünzordnung'' in the form of the ''Guldengroschen''.Shaw (1896), p. 364: Imperial Mint Ordinance of 1524 defines a silver piece = 1 Rhenish gold gulden. On p 363: the silver equivalent of the guld gulden... received the name gulden groschen. In the succeeding centuries the ''Gulden'' was then defined as a fraction of the ''Reichsthaler'' specie or silver coin. As of 1690 the ''Gulden'' used in Southern Germany and the Austrian Empire adhered to the Leipzig standard, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kreuzer
The Kreuzer (), in English usually kreutzer ( ), was a coin and unit of currency in the southern German states prior to the introduction of the German gold mark in 1871/73, and in Austria and Switzerland. After 1760 it was made of copper. In south Germany the ''kreuzer'' was typically worth 4 ''pfennigs'' and there were 60 ''kreuzers'' to a ''gulden''. Early history The ''kreuzer'' goes back to a ''groschen'' coin minted in Merano in South Tyrol in 1271 (the so-called ''Etscher Kreuzer''). Because of the double cross (German: ''Kreuz'') on the face of the coin, it was soon given the name ''Kreuzer''. It spread in the 15th and 16th centuries throughout the south of the German-speaking area. The Imperial Coinage Act of 1551 made them the unit for small silver coins. In 1559 a value of 60 ''kreuzer'' to 1 ''gulden'' had been adopted throughout the southern states of the Holy Roman Empire, but the northern German states declined to join, and used ''groschen'' instead of ''kreuze ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kreuzer
The Kreuzer (), in English usually kreutzer ( ), was a coin and unit of currency in the southern German states prior to the introduction of the German gold mark in 1871/73, and in Austria and Switzerland. After 1760 it was made of copper. In south Germany the ''kreuzer'' was typically worth 4 ''pfennigs'' and there were 60 ''kreuzers'' to a ''gulden''. Early history The ''kreuzer'' goes back to a ''groschen'' coin minted in Merano in South Tyrol in 1271 (the so-called ''Etscher Kreuzer''). Because of the double cross (German: ''Kreuz'') on the face of the coin, it was soon given the name ''Kreuzer''. It spread in the 15th and 16th centuries throughout the south of the German-speaking area. The Imperial Coinage Act of 1551 made them the unit for small silver coins. In 1559 a value of 60 ''kreuzer'' to 1 ''gulden'' had been adopted throughout the southern states of the Holy Roman Empire, but the northern German states declined to join, and used ''groschen'' instead of ''kreuze ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maria Theresa Thaler
The Maria Theresa thaler (MTT) is a silver bullion coin and a type of Conventionsthaler that has been used in world trade continuously since it was first minted in 1741. It is named after Maria Theresa who ruled Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia from 1740 to 1780 and is depicted on the coin. History In 1741 the first MTT was struck according to the Reichsthaler standard with of a Cologne mark of fine silver, or 25.98 grams. In 1750 a new thaler was struck with a gross weight of of 1 Vienna mark of silver, fine (with a fine silver content of 23.39 grams, or of a Cologne mark). In 1751 this new standard Conventionsthaler was effectively adopted across the German-speaking world when it was accepted formally in the Bavarian monetary convention. This new, post-1751 thaler has continued as a trade coin ever since. Since the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, the coin has always been dated 1780. On 19 September 1857, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria declared the Maria Theresa thaler t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichsthaler
The ''Reichsthaler'' (; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the ''Reichsthaler specie'', was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for the next 300 years, and containing 25–26 grams fine silver.MAIN reference p 360-393: German monetary system https://books.google.com/books?id=GrJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA360#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Reichsthaler'' was also the name of a currency unit worth less than the ''Reichsthaler specie'' introduced by several North German states from the 17th century; discussed separately under ''North German thaler''. Several old books confusingly use the same term ''Reichsthaler'' for the specie silver coin as well as the currency unit. This is disambiguated by referring to the full-valued coin as the '' Reichsthaler specie'' and the lower-valued currency unit as the ''Reichsthaler currency (courant, kurant)''. History The ''Reichsthaler'' - literally, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Groschen
Groschen (; from la, grossus "thick", via Old Czech ') a (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in various states of the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The word is borrowed from the late Latin description of a tornose, a ''grossus denarius Turnosus,'' in English the "thick denarius of Tours". Groschen was frequently abbreviated in old documents to ''gl'', whereby the second letter was not an '' l'' (12th letter of the alphabet), but an abbreviation symbol; later it was written as ''Gr'' or ''g''. Names and etymology The name was introduced in 13th-century France as ', lit. "thick penny", whence Old French ', Italian ', Middle High German ', Low German and Dutch ' and English '' groat''. In the 14th century, it appeared as Old Czech ', whence Modern German '. Names in other modern European languages include: * sq, grosh * Church Slavonic-derived languages: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian and Serbo-Croatian ('), Ukrain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kronenthaler
The Kronenthaler was a silver coin first issued in 1755 in the Austrian Netherlands (see Austrian Netherlands Kronenthaler) and which became a popular trade coin in early 19th century Europe. Most examples show the bust of the Austrian ruler on the obverse and three or four crowns on the reverse, hence the name which means "crown thaler" (also ''Brabanter'' and ''crocione'' (Italian). History The kronenthaler was initially issued with the same weight as the French ''écu'' at around 29.5 grams, but with a value of 54 ''sols (stuivers'') or 2.7 '' gulden'' while the écu had a value of 56 sols (stuivers) or 2.8 gulden. French écus with 27 grams of fine silver can be theoretically melted and reissued into kronenthalers with 27x = 26 grams of fine silver, matching the silver content of the Reichsthaler of the Leipzig convention. A deliberate minting of below-standard French écus, however, also resulted in a decreased silver content for the Kronenthaler. The French annexation of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Billon (alloy)
Billon () is an alloy of a precious metal (most commonly silver, but also gold) with a majority base metal content (such as copper). It is used chiefly for making coins, medals, and token coins. The word comes from the French ''bille'', which means "log". History The use of billon coins dates from ancient Greece and continued through the Middle Ages. During the sixth and fifth centuries BC, some cities on Lesbos used coins made of 60% copper and 40% silver. In both ancient times and the Middle Ages, leaner mixtures were adopted, with less than 2% silver content. Billon coins are perhaps best known from the Roman Empire, where progressive debasements of the Roman ''denarius'' and the Roman provincial ''tetradrachm'' in the second century AD led to declining silver and increasing bronze content in these denominations of coins. Eventually, by the third quarter of the second century AD, these coins were almost entirely bronze, with only a thin coating or even a wash of silver. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
