Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...

German Confederation The German Confederation (german: Deutscher Bund, ) was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, w ...

Reichsthaler The ''Reichsthaler'' (; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the ''Reichsthaler specie'', was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for th ...

Kipper und Wipper ''Kipper und Wipper'' (german: Kipper- und Wipperzeit, literally "Tipper and See-saw time") was a financial crisis during the start of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).Prussian thaler''; these thalers were then made par to the ''

Vereinsthaler The Vereinsthaler (, ''union thaler'') was a standard silver coin used in most German states and the Austrian Empire in the years before German unification. The Vereinsthaler was introduced in 1857 to replace the various versions of the North Ger ...

'' in 1857. The various North German ''thalers'' and ''vereinsthalers'' were all replaced in 1873 by the ''

German gold mark The German mark (german: Goldmark ; sign: ℳ) was the currency of the German Empire, which spanned from 1871 to 1918. The mark was paired with the minor unit of the pfennig (₰); 100 pfennigs were equivalent to 1 mark. The mark was on the g ...

'' at the rate of 3 marks per ''thaler''. Several old books confusingly use the same term Reichsthaler for the ''specie silver coin'' as well as the ''currency unit''. This is disambiguated by referring to the full-valued coin as the '' Reichsthaler specie'' and the lower-valued currency unit as the ''Reichsthaler currency (courant, kurant)''.

History

The ''Reichsthaler'' specie

In 1566 the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...

first introduced the ''

Reichsthaler The ''Reichsthaler'' (; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the ''Reichsthaler specie'', was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for th ...

'' specie as a standard silver coin of all German states, minted 9 to a Cologne Mark of fine silver, or 25.984 g.MAIN p 367: The Reichstag at Augsburg authorised the thaler, 8 to the mark, 14 loth 4 grs. fine = (14+4/18)/16 = 8/9, Mark fine = 9 thaler. p 368, in 1568: Mark fine = 10 florin 43.16 kreuzer = 10.72 fl, hence thaler ~ 1.19 fl or 72 kreuzer. It was divided in 24 ''

gutegroschen The ''Guter Groschen'' ("good ''groschen''"), also ''Gutergroschen'' or ''Gutegroschen'', abbreviation ''Ggr.'', is name of the ''groschen'' coin that was valued at of a ''Reichsthaler'' from the end of the 16th century. It was called a "goo ...

'', with each ''gutegroschen'' divided into 12 ''

pfennig The 'pfennig' (; . 'pfennigs' or ; symbol pf or ₰) or penny is a former German coin or note, which was the official currency from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro in 2002. While a valuable coin during the Middle Ages, i ...

''. Its value versus the currency unit, the ''

guilder Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German ''gulden'', originally shortened from Middle High German ''guldin pfenninc'' "gold penny". This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the Holy Roman Empir ...

'', rose from 1.2 gulden after 1566 to 1.5 gulden in 1618 just before the

Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle ...

and ''

Kipper und Wipper ''Kipper und Wipper'' (german: Kipper- und Wipperzeit, literally "Tipper and See-saw time") was a financial crisis during the start of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).MAIN p 103: thaler = 1 florin 30 kreuzer = 1.5G in 1618 & after Kipper und Wipper 1623.

Lower-valued ''thaler'' after 1630

After 1630 the different North German states reconstructed their currency systems with a ''Thaler'' worth 24 ''gute

groschen Groschen (; from la, grossus "thick", via Old Czech ') a (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in various states of the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The word is borrowed from the late L ...

'' or 1 ''gulden'', but little is on record with regard to the mint systems until after 1667. They were thus on a ''de facto thaler'' currency system with some uncertainty in the thaler's value versus the ''

Reichsthaler The ''Reichsthaler'' (; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the ''Reichsthaler specie'', was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for th ...

specie''. A currency trial done in 1665 indicated a lower prevailing (and unofficial) rate of 14 ''gulden'' or 9 ''thaler'' to a Cologne Mark.MAIN p365. 1665: Mark=14 florin 15 kr = 14.25 fl = 9.5 thaler. 1667, Zinnaische: Mark=10.5 thalers=15.75 kr Here is a summary of the evolution of standards of the ''North German thaler'' from 1667 to 1873 in grams of silver, together with the ''

Reichsthaler The ''Reichsthaler'' (; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the ''Reichsthaler specie'', was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for th ...

'' specie (or ''

Conventionsthaler The ''Conventionstaler'' or ''Konventionstaler'' ("Convention ''thaler''"), was a standard silver coin in the Austrian Empire and the southern German states of the Holy Roman Empire from the mid-18th to early 19th-centuries. Its most famous exam ...

'' specie after 1753), the ''

Austro-Hungarian florin The florin (german: Gulden, hu, forint, hr, forinta/florin, cs, zlatý) was the currency of the lands of the House of Habsburg between 1754 and 1892 (known as the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867 and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy after 1867), ...

'' and the ''

South German gulden The South German Gulden was the currency of the states of southern Germany between 1754 and 1873. These states included Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern. It was divided into 60 kreuzer, with each kreuzer worth 4 pfennig o ...

''.MAIN p 386: #2 Zinnaische 1667, #3 Leipzig 1690, Gold std 1741 p388, #5 Convention 1753, #4 Prussian 1840, p382 1857 Vereinsthaler 500g/30=16.7g.

''Zinnaische'' Standard, 1667

The ''Zinnasche'' currency standard was agreed upon in 1667 by Saxony and Brandenburg at Zinna, defining for the first time ''de jure'' a North German thaler currency issued at 10 to a Cologne Mark of silver, lower than the standard for the ''

Reichsthaler The ''Reichsthaler'' (; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the ''Reichsthaler specie'', was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for th ...

specie'' at 9 to a Mark. While this system was implemented by the more financially able North German states (most notably by Hamburg, Lubeck & Denmark), it would not be widely adopted until introduction of the Leipzig standard of 1690.

Leipzig Standard, 1690

The Leipzig standard was first introduced in 1690 by Saxony, Brandenburg, Brunswick and Lüneburg; in a few years this standard prevailed all over the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...

in the form of the ''North German thaler'' and the ''

South German gulden The South German Gulden was the currency of the states of southern Germany between 1754 and 1873. These states included Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern. It was divided into 60 kreuzer, with each kreuzer worth 4 pfennig o ...

''. It defined the ''thaler'' and ''gulden'' currency units in relation to the ''

Reichsthaler The ''Reichsthaler'' (; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the ''Reichsthaler specie'', was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for th ...

specie'' coin, as follows: * The ''Reichsthaler Specie'' is issued 9 to a Cologne Mark of fine silver, or 25.984 g; * The ''North German Thaler'' currency of 24 ''gute

groschen Groschen (; from la, grossus "thick", via Old Czech ') a (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in various states of the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The word is borrowed from the late L ...

'' is 3/4th of specie, or 12 to a Mark, or 19.488 g silver; and * The South German & Austrian ''Gulden'' of 60 ''

kreuzer The Kreuzer (), in English usually kreutzer ( ), was a coin and unit of currency in the southern German states prior to the introduction of the German gold mark in 1871/73, and in Austria and Switzerland. After 1760 it was made of copper. In s ...

'' is 1/2 of specie, or 18 to a Mark, or 12.992 g silver. At the same time this standard was introduced the gold florin or

Rhenish gulden The Rhenish ''gulden'' or Rhenish ''guilder'' (german: Rheinischer Gulden; la, florenus Rheni) was a gold, standard currency coin of the Rhineland in the 14th and 15th centuries. They weighed between 3.4 and 3.8 grams (). History The Rhenish ...

MAIN p392: gold florin 2 fl 56 kr in 1690; 3 fl in 1736. of 2.5036 g was advanced to a value of 2 gulden or 1 thaler – hence, 1.2784 g fine gold per thaler and a gold-silver ratio of 15.2. This would be Germany's new predominant currency system entering the 18th century.

Unofficial Gold Standard, 1730s

Münze Gold - Friedrich II - Preussen 1774

The Leipzig currency system entered another era of crisis and fragmentation in the 18th century due to the

War of Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...

of 1700-14 and the

War of Austrian Succession War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular o ...

of 1740-48. In 1726 France devalued the ''

livre tournois The (; ; abbreviation: ₶.) was one of numerous currencies used in medieval France, and a unit of account (i.e., a monetary unit used in accounting) used in Early Modern France. The 1262 monetary reform established the as 20 , or 80.88 g ...

'' from 8.31 g to 4.505 g silver, and the gold-silver ratio went down from 15 to 14.5. For the stronger states in Northern Germany & Austria this meant the opportunity to reissue their thaler and ''gulden'' currencies from silver to cheaper gold – hence an unofficial gold standard. By the 1730s the gold florin of 2.5036 g was valued at 3 Austrian florins or 2 North German thaler; hence each thaler was worth 1.2518 g fine gold or 18.15 g fine silver at France's gold ratio of 14.5 (vs 19.488 g silver originally). In 1741

Frederick the Great Frederick II (german: Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King in Prussia from 1740 until 1772, and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Sil ...

of

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...

issued the 6-gram gold ''

Friedrich d'or The Friedrich d'or was a Prussian gold coin (pistole) nominally worth 5 silver Prussian thalers. It was subsequently copied by other North German states under their own rulers' names (''August-, Friedrich-August-, Christian d'or'') and valued at 4 ...

pistole Pistole is the French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use from 1537; it was a doubloon or double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value ...

'' for a value of five thalers.MAIN p388. 5 thalers = Pistole, Mark/35, 21.5 karat ~6 g. In Bremen this was legal currency. It made the thaler even cheaper at 1.2 g gold or 17.4 g silver, and several North German states also came up with their own five-thaler pistoles. For the South German states neighboring France, though, the need to lower their currencies even more has become much more acute, resulting in a ''

South German gulden The South German Gulden was the currency of the states of southern Germany between 1754 and 1873. These states included Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern. It was divided into 60 kreuzer, with each kreuzer worth 4 pfennig o ...

'' of lower value than the

Austro-Hungarian florin The florin (german: Gulden, hu, forint, hr, forinta/florin, cs, zlatý) was the currency of the lands of the House of Habsburg between 1754 and 1892 (known as the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867 and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy after 1867), ...

which was made official after 1753.

Austrian Convention Standard, 1753

The Austrian Convention currency standard (''

Konventionsfuß A ''Konventionsfuß'' ("convention standard", lit.: "convention foot") was a coinage standard established by state treaty, the convention. The first one was between Austria and a number of German states of the Holy Roman Empire in the mid-18th ce ...

'') was first introduced in 1750 to the territories of the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, ...

and in 1753 to the rest of Germany without taking measures to secure the cooperation of the other circles of the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...

. It restored the Reichsthaler's silver footing at a rate 10% lower than the Leipzig standard, as follows: * The new ''

Conventionsthaler The ''Conventionstaler'' or ''Konventionstaler'' ("Convention ''thaler''"), was a standard silver coin in the Austrian Empire and the southern German states of the Holy Roman Empire from the mid-18th to early 19th-centuries. Its most famous exam ...

specie'' coin, issued 10 to a Cologne Mark of fine silver; hence 23.3856 g. * The ''North German thaler'' of 24 ''gute

groschen Groschen (; from la, grossus "thick", via Old Czech ') a (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in various states of the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The word is borrowed from the late L ...

'' = 3/4 of ''Conventionsthaler''; hence 13 to a Mark, or 17.5392 g * The ''

Austro-Hungarian florin The florin (german: Gulden, hu, forint, hr, forinta/florin, cs, zlatý) was the currency of the lands of the House of Habsburg between 1754 and 1892 (known as the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867 and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy after 1867), ...

'' of 60 ''

kreuzer The Kreuzer (), in English usually kreutzer ( ), was a coin and unit of currency in the southern German states prior to the introduction of the German gold mark in 1871/73, and in Austria and Switzerland. After 1760 it was made of copper. In s ...

'' = 1/2 of ''Conventionsthaler''; hence 20 to a Mark, or 11.6928 g. Several other states did not comply with this footing, however. The Southern German states settled on a lower-valued ''

South German gulden The South German Gulden was the currency of the states of southern Germany between 1754 and 1873. These states included Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern. It was divided into 60 kreuzer, with each kreuzer worth 4 pfennig o ...

'' worth 24 to a Cologne Mark fine silver or 9.744 g. The '' Prussian Thaler'' was also set lower at 14 to a Cologne Mark or 16.704 g. Most of the North German thalers were divided into 24 ''gute

groschen Groschen (; from la, grossus "thick", via Old Czech ') a (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in various states of the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The word is borrowed from the late L ...

'', with each ''gutegroschen'' equal to 12 ''

pfennig The 'pfennig' (; . 'pfennigs' or ; symbol pf or ₰) or penny is a former German coin or note, which was the official currency from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro in 2002. While a valuable coin during the Middle Ages, i ...

''. Silver coins minted for circulation include the ''

Conventionsthaler The ''Conventionstaler'' or ''Konventionstaler'' ("Convention ''thaler''"), was a standard silver coin in the Austrian Empire and the southern German states of the Holy Roman Empire from the mid-18th to early 19th-centuries. Its most famous exam ...

'' worth 32 ''gutegroschen'' or 1 ''thalers''; ''guldens'' worth 16 ''gutegroschen'' or ''thaler'', and smaller coins worth 8, 4, 2 and 1 ''gutegroschen''. The ''

pistole Pistole is the French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use from 1537; it was a doubloon or double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value ...

'' of 6 grams fine gold, together with double- and half-pistole coins, became (along with the

ducat The ducat () coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages from the 13th to 19th centuries. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wi ...

) the preferred gold currency in Northern Germany, with each pistole trading at five thalers plus a variable ''agio'' (premium) after gold prices rebounded in the second half of the 18th century.

Prussian ''Thaler'' and ''Vereinsthaler'' after 1840

The final task of currency unification in Germany was completed by Prussia between 1837-73 after the Napoleonic Wars. The ''

Zollverein The (), or German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. Organized by the 1833 treaties, it formally started on 1 January 1834. However, its foundations had b ...

'' customs union of 1834 unleashed a more vigorous adoption of the '' Prussian thaler'' of 14 to a Cologne Mark (16.704 g fine silver). In 1837 the Southern German states fixed the ''

South German Gulden The South German Gulden was the currency of the states of southern Germany between 1754 and 1873. These states included Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern. It was divided into 60 kreuzer, with each kreuzer worth 4 pfennig o ...

'' at 1 gulden to the Prussian thaler, or 24.5 gulden to a Mark. After the 1840s the different Northern German states fixed their respective ''thalers'' at par with the Prussian thaler also at 14 to a Mark. Concurrent with this switchover is a change in coin subdivisions, with the ''thaler'' now divided into 30 ''silber

groschen Groschen (; from la, grossus "thick", via Old Czech ') a (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in various states of the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The word is borrowed from the late L ...

''. New silver coins were issued for 10 ''silbergroschen'' worth rd thaler, as well as smaller coins for 5, 2 and 1 ''silbergroschen''. In 1857 all German states and Austria agreed to mint the ''

Vereinsthaler The Vereinsthaler (, ''union thaler'') was a standard silver coin used in most German states and the Austrian Empire in the years before German unification. The Vereinsthaler was introduced in 1857 to replace the various versions of the North Ger ...

'' of 16 grams fine silver, of marginally smaller weight than the Prussian thaler's 16.704 g, but still accepted at par with the Northern German ''thaler''. Austria also lowered its '' gulden'' to rd the ''Vereinsthaler'' or 11 g.

Gold Standard

All North German ''thalers'' and ''Vereinsthalers'' were retired after 1873 in favor of the

German gold mark The German mark (german: Goldmark ; sign: ℳ) was the currency of the German Empire, which spanned from 1871 to 1918. The mark was paired with the minor unit of the pfennig (₰); 100 pfennigs were equivalent to 1 mark. The mark was on the g ...

, with each mark containing gram of fine gold, at the rate of 1 thaler = 3 marks, or a gold ratio of 15.5. While new silver coins issued under the mark were limited legal tender for payments under 20 marks, the ''Vereinsthaler'' retained full, unlimited legal tender status until it was demonetized in 1908.MAIN p 215-216: 1255.5 marks = pound or 500g *0.9 fine, so 2.79 mark = 1g fine. Thalers that still exist are legal tender to any amount for 3 marks.

Other

Thaler currencies identical to the North German ''thaler'' include the ''

Hesse-Kassel thaler The North German thaler was the currency of the Landgravate, then Electorate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) until 1858. Until 1807, the Thaler was subdivided into 32 ''Albus'', each of 12 '' Heller''. It was worth th a Conventionsthaler from 1754 ...

'', '' Saxon thaler'' and '' Stolberg thaler'', though not all may be divided into 24 ''gutegroschen''. Currencies identical to the ''

Vereinsthaler The Vereinsthaler (, ''union thaler'') was a standard silver coin used in most German states and the Austrian Empire in the years before German unification. The Vereinsthaler was introduced in 1857 to replace the various versions of the North Ger ...

'', and all divided into 30 ''silbergroschen'', include the ''

Prussian vereinsthaler The ''Vereinsthaler'' was the currency of Prussia between 1857 and 1873. It replaced the ''Thaler'' at par and was replaced by the Mark at a rate of 1 ''Vereinsthaler'' = 3 ''Mark''. The ''Vereinsthaler'' was subdivided into 30 ''Silbergroschen'', ...

'', '' Hanoverian vereinsthaler'', ''

Hesse-Kassel vereinsthaler The Vereinsthaler was the currency of the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) between 1858 and 1873. It replaced the Thaler at par and was replaced by the German Mark at a rate of 1 Vereinsthaler = 3 Mark. The Vereinsthaler was subdivide ...

'' and ''

Mecklenburg vereinsthaler The Vereinsthaler was the currency of the two Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz between 1857 and 1873. It replaced the Mecklenburg Thaler at par and was replaced by the Mark at a rate of 1 Vereinsthaler = 3 Mark. The ...

''. A number of North German states followed both the Leipzig standard after 1690 and the unofficial gold standard after 1730, but did not follow the Austrian Convention standard of 13 to a Cologne Mark (or 17.539 g fine silver) after 1753. The most notable of these are as follows: * The '' Prussian thaler'' adopted the ''Graumannscher Fuß'' (Graumann footing) of th a Cologne Mark, or 16.704 g fine silver. After 1840, however, several North German states lowered their ''thalers'' to match this standard. * The ''

Bremen thaler The Thaler was the currency of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen until 1873. It was divided into 72 ''Grote'', each of 5 ''Schwaren''. While initially identical to the North German thaler before the 1750s, it was the only currency to maintain the g ...

'' retained the gold standard until German unification in 1871, with five ''thalers'' to a ''

Friedrich d'or The Friedrich d'or was a Prussian gold coin (pistole) nominally worth 5 silver Prussian thalers. It was subsequently copied by other North German states under their own rulers' names (''August-, Friedrich-August-, Christian d'or'') and valued at 4 ...

pistole Pistole is the French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use from 1537; it was a doubloon or double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value ...

'', or about 1.2 g fine gold per thaler. It was also divided differently, into 72 ''grote''. After 1857 this standard was defined more exactly at 8.4 ''thalers'' per 10 grams fine gold, or 1 g gold per thaler. * The '' Hanoverian thaler'' reverted to the Leipzig standard of th a Cologne Mark after the rise in gold prices in the second half of the 18th century. It was also divided differently into 36 ''mariengroschen''. In 1834 Hanover phased out this stronger standard in favor of the Prussian thaler. * Currencies of identical value to the '' Hanoverian thaler'' include the ''

Mecklenburg thaler The Thaler was the currency of the two Duchies, later Grand Duchies, of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz until 1857. It was replaced the Mecklenburg Vereinsthaler at par. From the 1750s it was identical to the Hanoverian thaler at ...

'' and the '' Westphalian thaler''. Currencies whose standards differed from the North German thaler after 1690 include: * The ''

Hamburg mark The Hamburg Mark refers to two distinct currencies issued in the city of Hamburg until 1875: * The Hamburg Mark Banco, a bank money and an accounting unit, and * The Hamburg Mark Courant, an actual coin. Each mark is divided into 16 ''schilling ...

'' and the ''Lübeck mark''. * The ''

Danish rigsdaler The rigsdaler was the name of several currencies used in Denmark until 1875. The similarly named Reichsthaler, riksdaler and rijksdaalder were used in Germany and Austria-Hungary, Sweden and the Netherlands, respectively. These currencies were ofte ...

'', ''

Norwegian rigsdaler The rigsdaler specie was a unit of silver currency used in Norway, renamed as the speciedaler in 1816 and used until 1873. Norway used a common reichsthaler currency system shared with Denmark, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein until 1873 when the go ...

'' and ''

Swedish riksdaler The svenska riksdaler () was the name of a Swedish coin first minted in 1604. Between 1777 and 1873, it was the currency of Sweden. The daler, like the dollar,''National Geographic''. June 2002. p. 1. ''Ask Us''. was named after the German Thaler ...

''. They were also issued in multiple versions labeled ''species'' or ''courant''. * All ''écus'' and ''thalers'' issued in Switzerland listed here: '' Swiss franc#Before the Helvetic Confederation''

References

{{thaler Currencies of Germany Coins of the Holy Roman Empire Modern obsolete currencies Early Modern currencies

History

The ''Reichsthaler'' specie

Lower-valued ''thaler'' after 1630

''Zinnaische'' Standard, 1667

Leipzig Standard, 1690

Unofficial Gold Standard, 1730s

Austrian Convention Standard, 1753

Prussian ''Thaler'' and ''Vereinsthaler'' after 1840

Gold Standard

Other

See also

References