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Constantine Prezan
Constantin Prezan (January 27, 1861 – August 27, 1943) was a Romanian general during World War I. In 1930 he was given the honorary title of Marshal of Romania, as a recognition of his merits during his command of the Northern Army and of the General Staff. Besides his participation in World War I, he also took part in the Second Balkan War and the 1918–1920 military operations for safeguarding the Great Union. He avoided getting actively involved in politics, although he had a series of political titles, which were rather honorary in nature. For instance, he held the title of senator by right, based on his high rank in the army, and that of member of the Crown Council of Romania. Biography He was born in the village of Sterianul de Mijloc, plasa Snagov, Ilfov County, currently in Butimanu commune, Dâmbovița County. He graduated from the officers' infantry and cavalry school in Bucharest and the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr. Made a second lieutenant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mareșal (Romania)
Mareșal (Marshal) is the highest rank in the Army of Romania, the Romanian Armed Forces. It is the equivalent of a field marshal in other countries. The rank of ''mareșal'' can only be bestowed to a General or Admiral ( ro, amiral), in time of war for exceptional military merits, by the President of Romania and confirmed by the Supreme Council of National Defense. Only three non-royal persons were bestowed the rank ''mareșal'' to date: Alexandru Averescu, Constantin Prezan, and Ion Antonescu. The first two were Generals during World War I, and the last was General during World War II, and Ruler of Romania between the abdication of King Carol II (6 September 1940) and his arrest by King Michael I (23 August 1944). Of the Romanian kings, Ferdinand I, Carol II and Michael I were Marshals of Romania. King Carol I Carol I or Charles I of Romania (20 April 1839 – ), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was the monarch of Romania from 1866 to his death in 1914, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
École Spéciale Militaire De Saint-Cyr
The École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM, literally the "Special Military School of Saint-Cyr") is a French military academy, and is often referred to as Saint-Cyr (). It is located in Coëtquidan in Guer, Morbihan, Brittany. Its motto is ''Ils s'instruisent pour vaincre'', literally meaning "They study to vanquish" or, more freely put, "Training for victory". French cadet officers are called ''saint-cyriens'' or ''cyrards''. France's other most senior military education institute is the ''École de guerre'' (EdG) (School of Warfare), located in the ''École militaire'' complex, in Paris. French students who enter Saint-Cyr as cadets are about 21 years old, and undergo three years of training. All ESM cadets graduate with a Master of Arts or a Master of Science and are commissioned officers. The academy was founded in Fontainebleau in 1802 by Napoleon. It was moved in 1806 to the buildings of the former ''Maison Royale de Saint-Louis'', in Saint-Cyr-l'École, west of Pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of The ArgeÈ™
The Battle of the ArgeÈ™ was a battle of the Romanian Campaign of World War I. Taking place on 1 December 1916, the battle was fought along the line of the ArgeÈ™ River in Romania between Austro-German forces of the Central Powers and Romanian forces with the Russian imperial forces. Background In late November 1916, Germano-Bulgarian forces under August von Mackensen crossed the Danube near Zimnicea under the cover of fog and began to march on Bucharest. The Romanians had transferred most of their forces to the Carpathians and as a result the Central Powers forces had a preponderant advantage: 18 Romanian battalions and 48 artillery pieces against 40 German and Bulgarian battalions and 188 guns.Stone 1998, p. 280. This attack threatened to cut off half the Romanian Army and so the decision was made to launch a counterattack. Relying upon the Russians to contain the fighting elsewhere, the plan entailed using all of the Romanian Army's reserves to launch a flanking attack on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pitești–Târgoviște Retreat
The Pitești–Târgoviște Retreat was a fighting-withdrawal operation carried out by the Romanian 1st Army in the face of advancing Central Powers' (German and Austro-Hungarian) forces during World War I. The retreat lasted from 29 November to 3 December and culminated in a violent battle at Târgoviște, after which the entire Romanian Army started a general retreat towards Moldavia. This operation was part of the wider Battle of Bucharest, which started on 28 November 1916. Background By 26 November 1916, the situation for Allied Romania was dire. The Olt and the Danube rivers had been crossed and the Romanian defenses along the Jiu Valley (17 November) and the Olt Valley (25 November) had faltered. The first Romanian response to the debacle was a change of command. A mixed group of southern armies was created, and placed under the command of General Constantin Prezan and his talented operations officer, Captain Ion Antonescu. The two Romanian officers arrived at the 1st A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Prunaru
The Battle of Prunaru was a military engagement between German and Romanian forces during the Romanian Campaign of World War I. It resulted in a tactical German victory, but following the heavy Romanian resistance the Germans halted after taking Prunaru. General Constantin Prezan's maneuver group checked the German forces in the region within two days, exposing the left flank of Field Marshal August von Mackensen's Danube Army. Background On 23 November, the 217th Division of the Danube Army was ferried across the Danube onto Romanian soil. On 27 November, General Erich von Falkenhayn's 9th Army linked up with Mackensen's Danube Army. Two days prior, on 25 November, Falkenhayn's 9th Army was subordinated to Mackensen's overall command, in order to unify the command of the Central Powers forces in Romania. The two armies could now converge on the Romanian capital, Bucharest. On 22 November, Prezan assumed command of a new Romanian southern army group, tasked with defending Buchar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Bucharest
The Battle of Bucharest, also known as the '' Argeş–Neajlov Defensive Operation'' in Romania, was the last battle of the Romanian Campaign of 1916 in World War I, in which the Central Powers' combatants, led by General Erich von Falkenhayn, occupied the Romanian capital and forced the Romanian Government, as well as the remnants of the Romanian Army to retreat to Moldavia and re-establish its capital at Iaşi. The battle was of defensive nature, as the Romanian Army was joined by a part of the Imperial Russian army. The Romanian Army, led by General Constantin Prezan, had previously been unable to stop the German counterattack in Muntenia. The armed forces that made up the German counterattack were mostly German, two armed groups attacking concentrically, one from the direction of Oltenia and the other from the south of the Danube. The sheer number of troops involved, as well as the large area of operations, make it one of the most complex battles fought on Romanian soil d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Slatina
The Battle of Slatina was a military engagement between Romanian and German forces during World War I. It resulted in a strategic victory for the Romanians. Background The Kingdom of Romania joined the Triple Entente in August 1916, following the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest, and declared war on Austria-Hungary on 27 August. In the aftermath a Romanian offensive into Transylvania that was stopped mainly by the German 9th Army under the command of Erich von Falkenhayn, the Central Powers began attempting to force the mountain passes in the Carpathians. After failing to break the Romanian defenses in northern Oltenia during the First Battle of the Jiu Valley in late October, the Germans had by 11 November amassed a force which outnumbered the Romanians in the region more than 2 to 1 (40 infantry battalions supported by cavalry against 18 Romanian battalions), commanded by General Victor Kühne. This force finally achieved a breakthrough into Wallachia by 17 November, d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Battle Of Oituz
The Second Battle of Oituz was fought between 10 November and 16 November 1916. The Romanian forces, led by Brigadier-General Eremia Grigorescu, faced off against an Austro-Hungarian and German force led by Friedrich von Gerok. The battle resulted in the failure of the attempt by the Central Powers to force the Carpathian Mountains and enter the Siret valley in order to cut the Romanian forces in two. Background The First Battle of Oituz was part of the defense of the passes of the Carpathian Mountains by the Romanian Army. It lasted from late September to the beginning of October, and had three main objectives: stopping the offensive on the Transylvanian front, consolidating a defensive position in the Carpathians and allowing for an eventual resumption of the offensive by the Romanian forces. Austro-Hungarian and German forces, under the command of Archduke Charles I of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, consisted of three armies: the 7th Austro-Hungarian Army i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of The Eastern Carpathians
The Battle of the Eastern Carpathians consisted in a series of military engagements between Romanian and Austro-Hungarian forces during October 1916, in World War I. The attempt of the Austro-Hungarian 1st Army to break through the Eastern Carpathians was simultaneous with that of the German 9th Army to force the passes of the Southern Carpathians. Both efforts failed. Background Having launched its invasion of northeast Transylvania in late August 1916, the undefeated Romanian Northern Army was ordered to withdraw, due to factors outside its control, such as setbacks on another army's front. The exhausted Austro-Hungarians under General Arthur Arz von Straußenburg moved slowly, giving the Romanians an uncontested run towards the border, where they settled into prepared defensive positions. The Romanian retreat started on 5 October and was carried out in the best order, with only negligible losses. General Arz sent his 72nd Division to the northern passes — Békás (Bicaz G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Front Of The Battle Of Transylvania
On 27 August 1916, Romania entered World War I on the side of the Allies, three of its armies invading Transylvania. The 1st and 2nd Armies invaded the southern part, while the Romanian North Army invaded the northeastern part. Unlike the 1st and 2nd Armies – which had to contend with a German-led counter-offensive (First Battle of Petrozsény, Battle of Brassó) – the North Army faced primarily Austro-Hungarian forces, and as such its campaign hardly had any major battles. After conquering three Hungarian urban districts (including two county capitals), the undefeated North Army was ordered to withdraw due to events outside its control, after inflicting heavier losses than those it had incurred. Background The North Army had to cross the greatest distance to accomplish its mission, and as such it had a greater number of soldiers than either of the two other Romanian armies invading Transylvania. Commanding the North Army was General Constantin Prezan, an officer who had stu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Transylvania
The Battle of Transylvania was the first major operation of the Romanian forces Campaign during World War I, beginning on 27 August 1916. It started as an attempt by the Romanian Army to seize Transylvania, and potentially knock Austria-Hungary out of the war. Although initially successful, the offensive was brought to a halt after Bulgaria's attack on Dobruja. Coupled with a successful German and Austro-Hungarian counterattack which started in mid-September, the Romanian Army was eventually forced to retreat back to the Carpathians by mid-October. The Romanian armies however managed to escape the Central Powers' attempts to completely destroy them. The Battle of Transylvania also caused the replacement of the Chief of Staff of the German Army and the shifting of German attention to the region, causing German offensive operations at Verdun to cease. Background Although bound by the pre-war Triple Alliance to the Central Powers, Romania instead joined the Triple Entente in Augus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war. Prior to 1914, the European great powers were divided between the Triple Entente (comprising France, Russia, and Britain) and the Triple Alliance (containing Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Tensions in the Balkans came to a head on 28 June 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
