Communist Project
The Revolutionary Marxist Association – Communist Project (''Associazione Marxista Rivoluzionaria – Progetto Comunista''), more frequently referred simply as Communist Project, was a Trotskyist faction within the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), a political party in Italy. Its leaders were Marco Ferrando and Franco Grisolia. The faction was largely, though not entirely, a continuation of ''AMR Proposta'', which was the largest section in the International Trotskyist Opposition, and was the second largest section in the Co-ordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International. In January 2006 Ferrando was chosen as one of the candidates of the PRC for the 2006 general election. This caused a division within Communist Project, as a minority led by Francesco Ricci opposed the candidacy of Ferrando, who was eventually excluded from the lists shortly after, when some of his remarks against Israel caused outrage within and outside the party. In June 2006, after ...
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Trotskyism
Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Ukrainian-Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky and some other members of the Left Opposition and Fourth International. Trotsky self-identified as an orthodox Marxist, a revolutionary Marxist, and Bolshevik–Leninist, a follower of Marx, Engels, and 3L: Vladimir Lenin, Karl Liebknecht, and Rosa Luxemburg. He supported founding a vanguard party of the proletariat, proletarian internationalism, and a dictatorship of the proletariat (as opposed to the " dictatorship of the bourgeoisie", which Marxists argue defines capitalism) based on working-class self-emancipation and mass democracy. Trotskyists are critical of Stalinism as they oppose Joseph Stalin's theory of socialism in one country in favour of Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution. Trotskyists criticize the bureaucracy and anti-democratic current developed in the Soviet Union under Stalin. Vladimir Lenin and Trotsky, despite their ideological disp ...
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Bertinottiani
The Bertinottiani were an Italian political faction around Fausto Bertinotti, the leader of the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) from 1994 to 2006. In 1998, in the wake of the crisis of Romano Prodi's first government, Bertinotti convinced the majority of the party to stop supporting the cabinet, provoking the split of the faction led by Armando Cossutta, PRC's founder, who launched the Party of Italian Communists (PdCI). That was when the Bertinottiani took the helm of the party. Bertinotti, who had been secretary since 1993, become the uncontested leader and the Bertinottiani would dominate the party for ten years. After Bertinotti unsuccessfully led the party (within the Rainbow Left list) in the 2006 general election, in the 2008 congress the Bertinottiani, led by Nichi Vendola and Franco Giordano, were defeated by Paolo Ferrero, After a few months, the pair led their Refoundation for the Left (RpS) faction outside the PRC and formed the Movement for the Left (MpS), which w ...
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Defunct Communist Parties In Italy
Defunct (no longer in use or active) may refer to: * ''Defunct'' (video game), 2014 * Zombie process or defunct process, in Unix-like operating systems See also * * :Former entities * End-of-life product * Obsolescence Obsolescence is the state of being which occurs when an object, service, or practice is no longer maintained or required even though it may still be in good working order. It usually happens when something that is more efficient or less risky r ...

Communist Alternative Party
The Communist Alternative Party (''Partito di Alternativa Comunista'', PdAC) is a communist political party in Italy. Its leader and founder is Francesco Ricci. History In April 2006 some members of Communist Project, a trotskyist faction within the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), left the party and launched the PdAC, which was officially founded on 7 January 2007. In June 2006, the Communist Project itself left Communist Refoundation under the new name of Communist Workers' Party. In the 2008 general election the PdAC, that candidated Fabiana Stefanoni for Prime Minister, obtained the 0.01% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies (the party presented its list in the only constituency "Lazio 2"). In the 2013 general election, with Adriano Lotito as candidate, the party presented its list only in Apulia and obtained 0.02% of the vote for the Chamber and the 0.01% for the Senate. Party relations The PdAC is affiliated to the International Workers League (Fourth Inter ...
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Workers' Communist Party (Italy)
The Workers' Communist Party (Italian: ''Partito Comunista dei Lavoratori'', PCL) is a communist party in Italy. It was created in 2006 by the Trotskyist breakaway wing of the Communist Refoundation Party led by Marco Ferrando. The PCL is the Italian section of Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International. History The foundation of the Italian Communist Workers' Party (PCL) as a new political entity was the result of a split within the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) when the PCR joined the second government headed by Romano Prodi. The movement, known as Common Project since its inception, had taken a stance further to the left within the party as it opposed the political alliance with The Olive Tree, an association of center-left parties, being extremely critical of past centre-left governments, in particular the first Prodi government with Massimo D'Alema and Giuliano Amato. The "Common Project" movement was also opposed to the politics of t ...
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran border, west, Turkmenistan to the Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border, northwest, Uzbekistan to the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border, north, Tajikistan to the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border, northeast, and China to the Afghanistan–China border, northeast and east. Occupying of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains Afghan Turkestan, in the north and Sistan Basin, the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. , Demographics of Afghanistan, its population is 40.2 million (officially estimated to be 32.9 million), composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Kabul is the country's largest city and ser ...
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Critical Left
Critical Left ( it, Sinistra Critica, SC) was a communist and Trotskyist political party in Italy, affiliated to the Fourth International. History Originally a Trotskyist faction within the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), it broke ranks on 8 December 2007 to become an independent political party. From 2006 to 2008, SC had deputy Salvatore Cannavò and senator Franco Turigliatto who voted consistently against the Prodi II Cabinet The second Prodi government was the cabinet of the government of Italy from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008, a total of 722 days, or 1 year, 11 months and 21 days. The 59th cabinet of the Italian Republic, it was the only cabinet of the XV Legislatur ... and the latter was responsible of the first major crisis of the government on 22 February 2007. After this, Turigliatto was expelled from the PRC in March. In the 2008 general election, SC (890 members) ran its own lists and Flavia D'Angeli was chosen as candidate for Prime Minister of the party. ...
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The Ernesto
The Ernesto (''L'Ernesto'') was a faction within the Communist Refoundation Party in Italy. The group emerged in February 2007 as a split from Being Communists, the faction led by Claudio Grassi, and took the name from ''L'Ernesto'', a communist publication. The leaders of the splinter group were Fosco Giannini, a senator at the time, and Gianluigi Pegolo. In the run-up of the July 2008 congress the faction formed a common list with Counter-current, another minority faction, and obtained 7.7% of the delegates. In that occasion they supported the election of Paolo Ferrero, leader of the Refoundation in Movement-Being Communists motion, as party secretary, thus joining for the first time the majority of the party. However, in 2011 the faction left the party and joined the Party of Italian Communists The Party of Italian Communists ( it, Partito dei Comunisti Italiani, PdCI) was a communist party in Italy established in October 1998 by splinters from the Communist Refoundation ...
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Prodi II Cabinet
The second Prodi government was the cabinet of the government of Italy from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008, a total of 722 days, or 1 year, 11 months and 21 days. The 59th cabinet of the Italian Republic, it was the only cabinet of the XV Legislature. It was composed of 24 ministers, 10 deputy-ministers and 66 under-secretaries, for a total of 102 members. This was the first government of the Republic in which the Communist Refoundation Party and the Italian Radicals participated directly, and the first government supported by the entire parliamentary left wing since the De Gasperi III Cabinet in 1947. Formation Romano Prodi led his coalition to the electoral campaign preceding the election, eventually won by a very narrow margin of 25,000 votes, and a final majority of two seats in the Senate, on 10 April. Prodi's appointment was somewhat delayed, as the outgoing President of the Republic, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, ended his mandate in May, not having enough time for the usual proc ...
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Communist Refoundation Party
The Communist Refoundation Party ( it, Partito della Rifondazione Comunista, PRC) is a communist political party in Italy that emerged from a split of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1991. The party's secretary is Maurizio Acerbo, who replaced Paolo Ferrero in 2017. Armando Cossutta was the party's founder, while Fausto Bertinotti its longest-serving leader (1994–2008). The latter transformed the PRC from a traditional communist party into a collection of radical social movements. The PRC is a member of the Party of the European Left (PEL), of which Bertinotti was the inaugural president in 2004. The PRC has not been represented in the Italian Parliament since 2008, but had a member of the European Parliament, Eleonora Forenza, who sat with the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group in 2014–2019. History Foundation and early years In February 1991, when the Italian Communist Party (PCI) was transformed into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) u ...
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Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea, and shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest. Israel also is bordered by the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively. Tel Aviv is the economic and technological center of the country, while its seat of government is in its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is unrecognized internationally. The land held by present-day Israel witnessed some of the earliest human occupations outside Africa and was among the earliest known sites of agriculture. It was inhabited by the Canaanites ...
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Francesco Ricci (politician)
Francesco Ricci may refer to: * Francesco Ricci (mathematician), Italian economist and mathematician * Francesco Pasquale Ricci (1732–1817), Italian composer and violinist * Francesco Ricci (politician) Francesco Ricci may refer to: * Francesco Ricci (mathematician), Italian economist and mathematician * Francesco Pasquale Ricci (1732–1817), Italian composer and violinist * Francesco Ricci (politician), Italian politician, former mayor of ...