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Common Technical Regulation
Common Technical Regulation (CTR). In telecommunications, CTR refers to a rule governing the connection of terminal equipment to networks. CTRs are drawn up, under the provisions of the EU directive 98/13/EC by the Telecommunications research and action center (TRAC) and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), at the request of ACTE, which is chaired by the European Commission. These rules apply to all EU member states. See also *Communication source * COLUMBUS II (cable system) *CALM M5 CALM M5 is the ISO 21215 standard that incorporates WAVE (WAVE PHY/MAC is IEEE 802.11p standard) and adds the following features: * Global (European) 5 GHz spectrum * Regulatory domain (border) management * Directivity and EMC control * Regiona ... Telephony European Union and science and technology {{EU-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telecommunications
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that feasible with the human voice, but with a similar scale of expediency; thus, slow systems (such as postal mail) are excluded from the field. The transmission media in telecommunication have evolved through numerous stages of technology, from beacons and other visual signals (such as smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs), to electrical cable and electromagnetic radiation, including light. Such transmission paths are often divided into communication channels, which afford the advantages of multiplexing multiple concurrent communication sessions. ''Telecommunication'' is often used in its plural form. Other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages, such as coded drumb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terminal Equipment
In telecommunication, the term terminal equipment has the following meanings: * Communications equipment at either end of a communications link, used to permit the stations involved to accomplish the mission for which the link was established. * In radio-relay systems, equipment used at points where data are inserted or derived, as distinct from equipment used only to relay a reconstituted signal. * Telephone and telegraph switchboards and other centrally located equipment at which communications circuits are terminated. See also * Customer-premises equipment * Data terminal equipment Data terminal equipment (DTE) is an end instrument that converts user information into signals or reconverts received signals. These can also be called tail circuits. A DTE device communicates with the data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) ..., an end instrument that converts user information into signals for transmission or reconverts the received signals into user information References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telephone Network
A telephone network is a telecommunications network that connects telephones, which allows telephone calls between two or more parties, as well as newer features such as fax and internet. The idea was revolutionized in the 1920s, as more and more people purchased telephones and used them to communicate news, ideas, and personal information. During the 1990s, it was further revolutionized by the advent of computers and other sophisticated communication devices, and with the use of dial-up internet. There are a number of different types of telephone network: * A landline network where the telephones must be directly wired into a single telephone exchange. This is known as the public switched telephone network or PSTN. * A wireless network where the telephones are mobile and can move around anywhere within the coverage area. * A private network where a closed group of telephones are connected primarily to each other and use a gateway to reach the outside world. This is usually us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union Directive
A directive is a legal act of the European Union that requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. Directives first have to be enacted into national law by member states before their laws are ruling on individuals residing in their countries. Directives normally leave member states with a certain amount of leeway as to the exact rules to be adopted. Directives can be adopted by means of a variety of legislative procedures depending on their subject matter. The text of a draft directive (if subject to the co-decision process, as contentious matters usually are) is prepared by the Commission after consultation with its own and national experts. The draft is presented to the Parliament and the Council—composed of relevant ministers of member governments, initially for evaluation and comment and then subsequently for approval or rejection. Justification There are justifications for using a directive rather than a r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telecommunications Research And Action Center
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that feasible with the human voice, but with a similar scale of expediency; thus, slow systems (such as postal mail) are excluded from the field. The transmission media in telecommunication have evolved through numerous stages of technology, from beacons and other visual signals (such as smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs), to electrical cable and electromagnetic radiation, including light. Such transmission paths are often divided into communication channels, which afford the advantages of multiplexing multiple concurrent communication sessions. ''Telecommunication'' is often used in its plural form. Other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages, such as coded drumbeats ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, not-for-profit, standardization organization in the field of Information and communications technology, information and communications. ETSI supports the development and testing of global technical standards for ICT-enabled systems, applications and services. Overview ETSI was set up in 1988 by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations, CEPT) following a proposal from the European Commission. ETSI is the officially recognized body with a responsibility for the standardization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). It is one of the three bodies, the others being European Committee for Standardization, CEN and CENELEC, officially recognized by the European Union as a European Standards Organization (ESO). The role of the European Standards Organizations is to support EU regulation and poli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body of about 32,000 European civil servants. The Commission is divided into departments known as Directorates-General (DGs) that can be likened to departments or ministries each headed by a Director-General who is responsible to a Commissioner. There is one member per member state, but members are bound by their oath of office to represent the general interest of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. The Commission President (currently Ursula von der Leyen) is proposed by the European Council (the 27 heads of state/governments) and elected by the European Parliament. The Council of the European Union then nominates the other members of the Commission in agreement with the nominated President, and the 27 members as a team are then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of European Union Member States
Lists of member states of the European Union provide different types of information about each of the states in the European Union. They include lists about politics, demographics and economics. General * Member state of the European Union#Membership, Member state of the European Union, including a list of all member states * List of European Union member states by political system * List of European Union member states by population Economics * List of European Union member states by GDP growth * List of European Union member states by average wage * List of European Union member states by health expense per person * List of European Union member states by minimum wage * List of European Union member states by unemployment rate See also * List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) * List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe by GDP (PPP) {{DEFAULTSORT:Member states of the European Union European Union-related lists, Member states ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communication Source
A source or sender is one of the basic concepts of communication and information processing. Sources are objects which encode message data and transmit the information, via a channel, to one or more observers (or receivers). In the strictest sense of the word, particularly in information theory, a ''source'' is a process that generates message data that one would like to communicate, or reproduce as exactly as possible elsewhere in space or time. A source may be modelled as memoryless, ergodic, stationary, or stochastic, in order of increasing generality. ''Communication Source'' combines ''Communication and Mass Media Complete'' and ''Communication Abstracts'' to provide full-text access to more than 700 journals, and indexing and abstracting for more than 1,000 core journals. Coverage dating goes back to 1900. Content is derived from academic journals, conference papers, conference proceedings, trade publications, magazines and periodicals. A transmitter can be either a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COLUMBUS II (cable System)
COLUMBUS II is an optical, repeatered, transatlantic telephone cable. It is approximately in length. It entered into commercial service in 1994. The system, along with the Americas cable, was the first to use the Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) as its optical amplifier repeaters. In 2009, the transatlantic section was retired, and as of 2023, only the Columbus-II-B section remains in use and has been upgraded. It is in 3 segments has landing points in: *Columbus II - A (1121 km) - 560 MB/s 1. Cancún, Mexico 2. West Palm Beach, Florida, United States *Columbus II - B (2068 km) - 2500 MB/s 2. West Palm Beach, Florida, United States 3. Magens Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands *Columbus II - C (9116 km) - 560 MB/s 3. Magens Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 4. Funchal, Madeira, Portugal 5. Sardina, Gran Canaria, Spain 6. Palermo, Sicily, Italy See also *Common technical regulation Common Technical Regulation (CTR). In telecommunications, CTR refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CALM M5
CALM M5 is the ISO 21215 standard that incorporates WAVE (WAVE PHY/MAC is IEEE 802.11p standard) and adds the following features: * Global (European) 5 GHz spectrum * Regulatory domain (border) management * Directivity and EMC control * Regional DSRC cooperation * Multiple radios/interfaces/antenna management through network connection * GPRS/UMTS/+++ network interconnectivity See also * Common technical regulation *IEEE 802.11p IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standardization, standard to add wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE), a vehicular communication systems, vehicular communication system. It defines enhancements to 802.11 (the bas ... References Status of Project IEEE 802.11p* Bob Williams, ''Intelligent Transport Systems Standards'', p. 221, Artech House, 2008 . * Piyushimita (Vonu) Thakuriah, D. Glenn Geers, ''Transportation and Information: Trends in Technology and Policy'', p. 24, Springer, 2013 . IEEE 802.11 { ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telephony
Telephony ( ) is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunication services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone. Telephony is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones and telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires. The term is also used frequently to refer to computer hardware, software, and computer network systems, that perform functions traditionally performed by telephone equipment. In this context the technology is specifically referred to as Internet telephony, or voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Overview The first telephones were connected directly in pairs. Each user had a separate telephone wired ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
