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Cola Verticillata
''Cola verticillata'' is a species of tree in the genus ''Cola'', of the family Malvaceae, native to the forests of tropical Africa. Common names include owe cola, slippery cola and mucilage cola. It was first described by the Danish botanist Peter Thonning as ''Sterculia verticillata'', and was given its current name of ''Cola verticillata'' by the Austrian botanist Otto Stapf and the French botanist Auguste Chevalier. Description ''Cola verticillata'' is a medium-sized tree, up to in height, the lower third of the trunk being devoid of branches. It has evergreen, oval, glossy leaves arranged in whorls of three or four, and panicles of starlike, cream-coloured flowers with purplish-brown striations growing in the leaf axils. The fruits are similar in appearance to the kola nuts of ''Cola acuminata'' but are very bitter, and considered inedible. Distribution and habitat ''Cola verticillata'' is native to tropical West Central Africa; its range includes Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Thonning
Peter Thonning (9 October 1775 – 29 January 1848) was a Danish physician and botanist. Biography Peter Thonning was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was the son of Rasmus Andersen Thonning (1740-1817) and Dorothea Spendrup (1755-1835). He became a student in 1794 and studied medicine at the Metropolitanskolen. He was sent to Ghana by the Danish government mainly to study the conditions of plants, especially indigenous plants. He lived there from 1799 to 1803. Thonning had begun systematizing his botanical collections but his herbarium was destroyed during the shelling of Copenhagen by the British in 1807. Only the duplicates and manuscripts in the possession of Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher (1757–1830) survived. Today, around 1,050 samples are preserved at the University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden. Thonning tutored Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark (1792–1863) from 1804 to 1810. He served as secretary of the General Customs Board (''Generaltoldkam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Stapf (botanist)
Otto Stapf FRS (23 April 1857, in Perneck near Bad Ischl – 3 August 1933, in Innsbruck) was an Austrian born botanist and taxonomist, the son of Joseph Stapf, who worked in the Hallstatt salt-mines. He grew up in Hallstatt and later published about the archaeological plant remains from the Late Bronze- and Iron Age mines that had been uncovered by his father. Stapf studied botany in Vienna under Julius Wiesner, where he received his PhD with a dissertation on cristals and cristalloids in plants. 1882 he became assistant professor (''Assistent'') of Anton Kerner. In 1887 he was made '' Privatdozent'' (lecturer without a chair) in Vienna. He published the results of an expedition Jakob Eduard Polak, the personal physician of Nasr al-Din, the Shah of Persia, had conducted in 1882, and plants collected by Felix von Luschan in Lycia and Mesopotamia Mesopotamia ''Mesopotamíā''; ar, بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن or ; syc, ܐܪܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ, or , ) is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auguste Chevalier
Auguste may refer to: People Surname * Arsène Auguste (born 1951), Haitian footballer * Donna Auguste (born 1958), African-American businesswoman * Georges Auguste (born 1933), Haitian painter * Henri Auguste (1759–1816), Parisian gold and silversmith * Joyce Auguste, Saint Lucian musician * Jules Robert Auguste (1789–1850), French painter * Tancrède Auguste (1856–1913), President of Haiti (1912–13) Given name * Auguste, Baron Lambermont (1819–1905), Belgian statesman * Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg (1810–1835), prince consort of Maria II of Portugal * Auguste, comte de La Ferronays (1777–1842), French Minister of Foreign Affairs * Auguste Clot (1858–1936), French art printer * Auguste Dick (1910–1993), Austrian historian of mathematics * Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846–1935), French chef, restaurateur and culinary writer * Auguste Metz (1812–1854), Luxembourgian entrepreneur * Auguste Léopold Protet (1808–1862), French Navy admiral * Auguste Picca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. The most recent rigorous estimate for the total number of species of eukaryotes is between 8 and 8.7 million. However, only about 14% of these had been described by 2011. All species (except viruses) are given a two-part name, a "binomial". The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs. The second part is called the specific name or the specific epithet (in botanical nomenclature, also sometimes i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cola (plant)
''Cola'' is a genus of trees native to the tropical forests of Africa, classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae (previously in the separate family Sterculiaceae). Species in this genus are sometimes referred to as kola tree or kola nut for the caffeine-containing fruit produced by the trees that is often used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages. The genus was thought to be closely related to the South American genus ''Theobroma'', or cocoa, but the latter is now placed in a different subfamily. They are evergreen trees, growing up to 20 m tall (about 60 feet), with glossy ovoid leaves up to 30 cm long and star-shaped fruit. Origin and distribution ''Cola'' is a genus of the Family Malvaceae with approximately 100 to 125 species occurring in the evergreen lowland and montane forest of continental (primarily tropical) Africa. The earliest known evidence of ''Cola'' is ''Cola amharaensis'', a well-preserved fossil leaf compression from the late Oligocen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malvaceae
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as ''Alcea'' (hollyhock), ''Malva'' (mallow), and ''Tilia'' (lime or linden tree). The largest genera in terms of number of species include ''Hibiscus'' (300 species), ''Sterculia'' (250 species), ''Dombeya'' (250 species), '' Pavonia'' (200 species) and '' Sida'' (200 species). Taxonomy and nomenclature The circumscription of the Malvaceae is controversial. The traditional Malvaceae '' sensu stricto'' comprise a very homogeneous and cladistically monophyletic group. Another major circumscription, Malvaceae ''sensu lato'', has been more recently defined on the basis that genetics studies have shown the commonly recognised families Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae, which have always been considered closely allie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kola Nut
The term kola nut usually refers to the seeds of certain species of plant of the genus ''Cola'', placed formerly in the cocoa family Sterculiaceae and now usually subsumed in the mallow family Malvaceae (as subfamily Sterculioideae). These cola species are trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa. Their caffeine-containing seeds are used as flavoring ingredients in beverages applied to various carbonated soft drinks, from which the name ''cola'' originates. General description The kola nut is a caffeine-containing nut of evergreen trees of the genus ''Cola'', primarily of the species ''Cola acuminata'' and ''Cola nitida''. ''Cola acuminata'', an evergreen tree about 20 meters in height, has long, ovoid leaves pointed at both the ends with a leathery texture. The trees have cream flowers with purplish-brown striations, and star-shaped fruit consisting of usually 5 follicles. Inside each follicle, about a dozen prismatic seeds develop in a white seed-shell. The nut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cola Acuminata
''Cola acuminata'' is a species in the genus ''Cola'', of the family Malvaceae, native to tropical Africa. It is generally known for its fruit, the kola nut, originally used to impart the cola flavor in manufactured beverages, such as Coca-Cola. Description The kola tree mainly inhabits lowlands, and is medium-sized with low branches, grey or dark green bark, dark green leaves, and white flowers pollinated by insects. It usually grows to a height of about , is hardy to zones 10-12 (USDA), and is vulnerable to frost. The tree prefers moist, sandy, loam or clay soils that are well-drained with neutral acidity. It requires sun exposure and can tolerate drought. Fruits The fruits are rough, mottled and up to long and contain large, flat and bright red coloured seeds, commonly known as kola nuts. The seed contains 1.25 - 2.4% caffeine, and can be chewed or ground into a powder added to beverages to increase alertness, diminish fatigue, and increase stamina. Uses Its fruits are har ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balanogastris Kolae
''Balanogastris kolae'', the kola weevil, is a species of insect that feeds on kola nuts The term kola nut usually refers to the seeds of certain species of plant of the genus ''Cola'', placed formerly in the cocoa family Sterculiaceae and now usually subsumed in the mallow family Malvaceae (as subfamily Sterculioideae). These col .... References Curculionidae Beetles of Africa Agricultural pest insects Beetles described in 1895 {{Curculionidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cola Nitida
''Cola nitida'' is a species of plant belonging to the family Malvaceae. It is a tree native to the rainforests of tropical West Africa. Common names include kola nut, cola, kola and bitter kola. The seeds contain caffeine and are chewed as a stimulant and used in the manufacture of soft drinks. The nuts and other parts of the tree have many uses of a ceremonial nature and in traditional medicine. The timber has multiple uses. Description ''Cola nitida'' is an evergreen tree growing to a height of . The trunk is up to in diameter and older trees develop buttresses. The bark is thick and fibrous, with deep longitudinal fissures. It is grey or brownish-grey, with pinkish-red wood becoming visible when the bark is damaged. The leaves have stalks and are alternate, oblong, glabrous, leathery and tough, with untoothed wavy margins and up to . The flowers have parts in fives. They grow in panicles from the leaf axils and have no petals. Male flowers have a deeply lobed, cup-shaped ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fetishism
A fetish (derived from the French , which comes from the Portuguese , and this in turn from Latin , 'artificial' and , 'to make') is an object believed to have supernatural powers, or in particular, a human-made object that has power over others. Essentially, fetishism is the attribution of inherent value, or powers, to an object. Historiography The term ''fetish'' has evolved from an idiom used to describe a type of object created in the interaction between European travelers and Africans in the early modern period to an analytical term that played a central role in the perception and study of non-Western art in general and African art in particular to increase the evil in the world. William Pietz, who, in 1994, conducted an extensive ethno-historical study of the fetish, argues that the term originated in the coast of West Africa during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Pietz distinguishes between, on the one hand, actual African objects that may be called fetishes i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is mainly used recreationally as a cognitive enhancer, increasing alertness and attentional performance. Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine to the adenosine A1 receptor, which enhances release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine, which allows it to bind and block its receptors. Caffeine also increases cyclic AMP levels through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is found in the seeds, fruits, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to Africa, East Asia and South America, and helps to protect them against herbivores and from competition by preventing the germination of nearby seeds, as well as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
