|
Cola-nut Gall
Cola-nut gallsDarlington, Arnold (1975) ''The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour.'' Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. . P. 155. develop as a chemically induced distortion of leaf axillary or terminal buds on pedunculate oak (''Quercus robur'') or sessile oak (''Quercus petraea'') trees, caused by the agamic gall wasp ''Andricus lignicola'' ( Hartig, 1840) which lays single eggs within leaf buds using their ovipositor. A previous name or synonym for the species ''A. lignicola'' is ''A. lignicolus'' and ''A. venheurni''. The physical appearance of the galls The galls are found in small groups, which however do not coalesce, helping to prevent mis-identification with the oak marble gall (''Andricus kollari''), in addition the shape is ovoid rather than spherical and it is scaly rather than smooth. It grows up to about 10 x 8 mm and is at first green, rapidly changing to grey-brown, with light red patches where the original bud scales have separated. It is hard and firm, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodor Hartig
Theodor Hartig (21 February 1805 – 26 March 1880) was a German forestry biologist and botanist. Biography Hartig was born in Dillenburg. He was educated in Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin (1824–1827), and was successively lecturer and professor of forestry at the University of Berlin (1831–1838) and at the Braunschweig University of Technology, Carolinum, Braunschweig. Hartig was the first to discover and name the sieve tube element cells (as ''Siebfasern'' - sieve fibres and ''Siebröhren'' - sieve tubes) in 1837. His List of zoologists by author abbreviation, zoologist author abbreviation is Hartig. He described many gall wasp species. In 1842, Theodor Hartig described what is now known as the Hartig net, a network of fungal hyphae that penetrate feeder roots and surround epidermal cells. The Hartig net is part of the structure of ectomycorrizae, mutualistic symbioses between fungi and plant roots. He died in Braunschweig. Works *1836 Forstliches und forstnaturw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oak Apple
Oak apple or oak gall is the common name for a large, round, vaguely apple-like gall commonly found on many species of oak. Oak apples range in size from in diameter and are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The adult female wasp lays single eggs in developing leaf buds. The wasp larvae feed on the gall tissue resulting from their secretions, which modify the oak bud into the gall, a structure that protects the developing larvae until they undergo metamorphosis into adults. Considerable confusion exists in the general literature between the oak apple and the oak marble gall. The oak marble is frequently called the oak apple due to the superficial resemblance and the preponderance of the oak marble gall in the wild. Other galls found on oak trees include the oak artichoke gall and the acorn cup gall, but each of these has its own distinctive form. Some common oak-apple-forming species are the '' Biorhiza pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insects Described In 1840
Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Their blood is not totally contained in vessels; some circulates in an open cavity known as the haemocoel. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms. The total number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million; In: potentially over 90% of the animal life forms on Earth are insects. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, which are dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans, which recent research has indicated insects are nested within. Nearly all insects hatch from eggs. Inse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenoptera Of Europe
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic. Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. This ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through holometabolism (complete metamorphosis)—that is, they have a wormlike larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature. Etymology The name Hymenoptera refers to the wings of the insects, but the original derivation is ambiguous. All references agree that the derivation involves the Ancient Greek πτερόν (''pteron'') for wing. The Ancient Greek ὑμήν (''hymen'') for membrane provides a plausible etymology for the term because species in this order have membranous wings. However, a key characteristic of this order is that the hindwings are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenoptera Of Asia
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic. Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. This ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through holometabolism (complete metamorphosis)—that is, they have a wormlike larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature. Etymology The name Hymenoptera refers to the wings of the insects, but the original derivation is ambiguous. All references agree that the derivation involves the Ancient Greek πτερόν (''pteron'') for wing. The Ancient Greek ὑμήν (''hymen'') for membrane provides a plausible etymology for the term because species in this order have membranous wings. However, a key characteristic of this order is that the hindwings are c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cynipidae
Gall wasps, also incorrectly called gallflies, are hymenopterans of the family Cynipidae in the wasp superfamily Cynipoidea. Their common name comes from the galls they induce on plants for larval development. About 1,300 species of this generally very small creature (1–8 mm) are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North America. Features Like all Apocrita, gall wasps have a distinctive body shape, the so-called wasp waist. The first abdominal tergum (the propodeum) is conjoined with the thorax, while the second abdominal segment forms a sort of shaft, the petiole. The petiole connects with the gaster, which is the functional abdomen in apocritan wasps, starting with the third abdominal segment proper. Together, the petiole and the gaster form the metasoma, while the thorax and the propodeum make up the mesosoma. The antennae are straight and consist of two or three segments. In many varieties, the backside ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rose Bedeguar Gall
''Diplolepis rosae'' is a gall wasp which causes a gall known as the rose bedeguar gall, Robin's pincushion, mossy rose gall, or simply moss gall.Darlington, Arnold (1975) ''The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour.'' Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. . P. 133 - 135. The gall develops as a chemically induced distortion of an unopened leaf axillary or terminal bud, mostly on field rose (''Rosa arvensis'') or dog rose (''Rosa canina'') shrubs. The female wasp lays up to 60 eggs within each leaf bud using her ovipositor. The grubs develop within the gall, and the wasps emerge in spring; the wasp is parthenogenetic with fewer than one percent being males. A similar gall is caused by '' Diplolepis mayri'', but this is much less common. Names Being so prominent and interesting in appearance, this gall has more folklore attached to it than most. The term 'Bedeguar, Bedegar or Bedequar' comes from a French word, ''bédégar'', and is ultimately from the Persian, ''bād-āwar'', meani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red-pea Gall
The red-pea gall or red currant gall develops as a chemically induced distortion arising from the underside of the mid-rib of a vein on ''Quercus'' species and it is attached by a short stalk or peduncle. The red-wart gall is the sexual phase of the same species. Cause The gall is caused by the parthenogenetic generation of ''Cynips divisa'', which has been known by the synonyms ''Diplolepis divisa'', ''Dryophanta divisa'' and ''Spathegaster verrucosus''. Appearance In appearance it is glossy and somewhat flattened sphere and from ten to fifteen or so may occur on a single leaf. The average size is and the colouring starts as green, passing to yellow, orange and then red-brown; the season is midsummer onwards. Circular emergence holes appear in the galls. Life cycle Many of the agamic imagines emerge in October. After overwintering, ''Cynips'' develops eggs parthenogenetically and their eggs develop in live buds as 'red-wart galls'. The infested buds become yellow, orange ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pineapple Gall
The Pineapple gall adelgid (''Adelges abietis'') is a type of conifer-feeding insect that forms pineapple-shaped plant galls on its host species, commonly Norway and Sitka spruce. The adelgids (genus ''Adelges'') are pear-shaped, soft-bodied green insects with long antennae, closely related to the aphid. ''Adelges'' lays up to one hundred eggs at a time, one on each needle. ''Adelges abietis'' (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most common species; synonyms are ''A. gallarum-abietis'', ''Chermes abietis'' and ''Sacciphantes abietis''. The pineapple or pseudocone gallDarlington, Arnold (1975) ''The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour.'' Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. . P. 114. is a type of insect-formed gall, or abnormal outgrowth of plant tissue, that develops as a chemically induced distortion of needles, observed mostly on Norway spruce and Sitka spruce. Terminology and distribution Prominent in appearance, the pineapple or pseudocone gall is often confused with the act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oak Marble Gall
''Andricus kollari'', also known as the marble gall wasp, is a parthenogenetic species of wasp which causes the formation of marble galls on oak trees. Synonyms for the species include ''Cynips kollari'', ''Andricus quercusgemmae'', ''A. minor'', ''A. indigenus'' and ''A. circulans''. Description Adult ''Andricus kollari'' are dark brown, and about in length. It has alternating sexual and asexual generations, each often taking two years to complete. Like all gall wasps, it causes the formation of parasitic galls on trees in which it lays its larvae. In May or June, a sexual female lays her eggs in the developing buds of susceptible oak trees using her ovipositor. Chemicals produced by both the adult and developing wasps cause the formation of a gall. Pedunculate oak (''Quercus robur''), sessile oak (''Quercus petraea'') and the hybrid ''Quercus × rosacea'' can all be parasitized. The host trees are often immature or retarded specimens; galls are rarer on older, healthier tre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knopper Gall
''Andricus quercuscalicis'' is a gall wasp species inducing knopper galls. Knopper galls develop as a chemically induced distortion of growing acorns on pedunculate oak (''Quercus robur'' L.) trees, caused by gall wasps, which lay eggs in buds with their ovipositor. The gall thus produced can greatly reduce the fecundity of the oak host, making this gall potentially more of a threat to the reproductive ability of the tree than those that develop on leaves, buds, stems, etc. The Turkey oak (''Quercus cerris'' L.), introduced into Britain in 1735, is required for the completion of the life cycle of the gall. The knopper is a recent introduction to the British Isles, first arriving in the 1960s and now found throughout England, Wales and as far north as Scotland; first occurring for example in 2007 at Eglinton Country Park in North Ayrshire. The physical appearance of the gall The large 2 cm gall growth appears as a mass of green to yellowish-green, ridged, and at first stick ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
