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Cobden–Chevalier Treaty
The Cobden–Chevalier Treaty was an Anglo-French free trade agreement signed between Great Britain and France on 23 January 1860. After Britain began free trade policies in 1846, there remained tariffs with France. The 1860 treaty ended tariffs on the main items of trade—wine, brandy and silk goods from France, and coal, iron and industrial goods from Britain. The new policy was widely copied across Europe. According to Stephen Krasner, the treaty set off a "golden age of free trade" in Europe, which was lasted until the late 1870s. It was the first of eight " most favoured nation" treaties the British negotiated in the 1860s. By the 1880s, however, the rise of protectionism in Germany, the United States and elsewhere made the treaty less relevant. It was the first modern free trade agreement. It is named after the main British and French originators of the treaty, Richard Cobden MP and Michel Chevalier. Origins and negotiations In a Parliamentary session of 1859, Cobden's fri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene Grossman
Gene Michael Grossman (born December 11, 1955, in New York) is the Jacob Viner Professor of International Economics at Princeton University. He received his B.A. in Economics from Yale University in 1976 and his Ph.D. in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980. He became assistant professor at Princeton University in 1980 and full professor of economics in 1988. He is well known for his research on international trade, in large part focusing on the relationship between economic growth and trade and the political economy of trade policy. He is also known for his work on the environmental Kuznets curve. He frequently collaborated with Harvard professor Elhanan Helpman, producing three books together: ''Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy'', ''Special Interest Politics'', and ''Interest Groups and Trade Policy''. In 2009, Grossman received an honorary doctorate in Economics from the University of St. Gallen. Grossman received the 2015 Onassis Prize fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1860 Treaties
Year 186 ( CLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Glabrio (or, less frequently, year 939 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 186 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Peasants in Gaul stage an anti-tax uprising under Maternus. * Roman governor Pertinax escapes an assassination attempt, by British usurpers. New Zealand * The Hatepe volcanic eruption extends Lake Taupō and makes skies red across the world. However, recent radiocarbon dating by R. Sparks has put the date at 233 AD ± 13 (95% confidence). Births * Ma Liang, Chinese official of the Shu Han state (d. 222) Deaths * April 21 – Apollonius the Apologist, Christian martyr * Bian Zhang, Chinese official and gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1860 In The United Kingdom
Events from the year 1860 in the United Kingdom. Incumbents * Monarch – Victoria * Prime Minister – Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (Liberal) * Parliament – 18th Events * 1 January – Cray Wanderers Football Club formed in St Mary Cray, north Kent. * 25 January – HMS ''Prince of Wales'', a 121-gun screw-propelled first-rate ship of the line is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard. * February – Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom recommends erection of the Palmerston Forts. * 27 February – paddle steamer ''Nimrod'' is wrecked off St David's Head in Wales and 45 people are killed. * 28 February – the Artists Rifles is established, as the 38th Middlesex (Artists) Rifle Volunteer Corps, with headquarters at Burlington House in London. * March – Food and Drink Act, 1860 prohibits the adulteration of certain foodstuffs. * 7 March – HMS ''Howe'', the Royal Navy's last, largest and fastest wooden first-rate three-decker ship of the line, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1860 In France
Events from the year 1860 in France. Incumbents * Monarch – Napoleon III Events *1 January - Paris administratively annexes neighbouring communes. *23 January - Cobden-Chevalier Treaty Free Trade treaty is signed between the United Kingdom and France. *9 April - Typesetter Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville sings "Au clair de la lune" into his phonautograph, producing the world's earliest known sound recording of a song. However, it would not be converted back into audible sound until 2008. *18 October - At the end of the Second Opium War, British and French troops enter the Forbidden City in Beijing. *24 October - Convention of Peking signed by Chinese with Britain and France. Arts and literature Births *11 February - Rachilde, author (died 1953) *25 June - Gustave Charpentier, composer (died 1956) *16 August - Jules Laforgue, poet (died 1887) *20 August - Raymond Poincaré, statesman, five times Prime Minister of France, President of France (died 1934) *26 November – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of International Trade
The history of international trade chronicles notable events that have affected the trade between various countries. In the era before the rise of the nation state, the term 'international' trade cannot be literally applied, but simply means trade over long distances; the sort of movement in goods which would represent international trade in the modern world. Chronology of events Ancient * The domestication of the horse around 4800 BCE allowed for the development of horse riding around 3700 BCE, and long distance travel across the Central Asian steppes. * * The Maritime Jade Road (2000 BCE to 1000 CE) was established by the animist indigenous peoples of Taiwan and the Philippines, and later expanded throughout Southeast Asia. The network operated for 3,000 years. * Indus–Mesopotamia trade * Records from the 19th century BCE attest to the existence of an Assyrian merchant colony at Kanesh in Cappadocia. * The domestication of Dromedary camels around 2,000 BCE allowed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of The United Kingdom (1801–1922)
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations, individuals, business entities, and other legal persons. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. However, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties vary on the basis of obligations (the extent to which states are bound to the rules), precision (the extent to which the rules are unambiguous), and delegation (the extent to which third parties have authority to interpret, apply and make rules). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations, with the first known example being a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France–United Kingdom Relations
The historical ties between France and the United Kingdom, and the countries preceding them, are long and complex, including conquest, Anglo-French Wars, wars, and Anglo-French alliance (other), alliances at various points in history. The Roman Empire, Roman era saw both areas largely conquered by Rome, whose fortifications largely remain in both countries to this day. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 decisively shaped English history, as well as the English language; English’s vocabulary is 45% derived from French, with the vast majority of large and complex words being of French origin and very similar in writing, but different in pronunciation and sometimes with a slightly different meaning. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the Early Modern Period, Kingdom of France, France and Kingdom of England, England were often bitter rivals, with both nations' monarchs English claims to the French throne, claiming control over France and France Auld Alliance, routine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Méline Tariff
The Méline tariff was a French protectionist measure introduced in 1892. It is noted as being the most important piece of economic legislation of the Third Republic and marked a return to earlier protectionist policies effectively ending the period of free trade associated with the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty. The tariff has in part been seen to be the result of efforts by industrialists to help combat a perceived external economic threat to the domestic market. It has been suggested that politically the tariff was a reflection of an emerging confluence of interests among the industrial bourgeoisie, big landowners and peasant farmers. It is named after Jules Méline Félix Jules Méline (; 20 May 183821 December 1925) was a French statesman, Prime Minister of France from 1896 to 1898. Biography Méline was born at Remiremont. Having taken up law as his profession, he was chosen a deputy in 1872, and in 187 ..., the 65th Prime Minister of France.Lebovics,Herman (1986) Prot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duty (tax)
In economics, a duty is a target-specific form of tax levied by a state or other political entity. It is often associated with customs, in which context they are also known as tariffs or dues. The term is often used to describe a tax on certain items purchased abroad. A duty is levied on specific commodities, financial transactions, estates, etc. rather than being a direct imposition on individuals or corporations such income or property taxes. Examples include customs duty, excise duty, stamp duty, estate duty, and gift duty. Customs duty A customs duty or due is the indirect tax levied on the import or export of goods in international trade. In economics a duty is also a kind of consumption tax. A duty levied on goods being imported is referred to as an 'import duty', and one levied on exports an 'export duty'. Estate duty An estate duty (in the U.S. inheritance tax) is a tax levied on the estate of a deceased person in many jurisdictions or on the inheritance of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jules Baroche
Pierre Jules Baroche (18 November 1802, Paris29 October 1870, Jersey) was a French statesman, who served as minister in several of Napoleon III's governments. He was Minister of the Interior from 15 March 1850 to 24 January 1851, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 10 April 1851 to 26 October 1851, President of the '' Conseil d'État'' from 30 December 1852, briefly Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 4 January 1860 to 24 January 1860, Minister without portfolio from 3 December 1860, and Minister of Justice (and of Public Worship) from 23 June 1863 to 17 July 1869. Born to a family of shopkeepers, Baroche received his ''baccalauréat'' in 1820 and pursued a legal education, becoming a lawyer in 1823. He became moderately well-known and somewhat notorious as a lawyer, particularly in his pleadings before the '' Cours des pairs'' (''Court of Peers''). He defended former Defense Minister Amédée Louis Despans-Cubières from corruption charges before the peers in 1847. Baroche ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Ambassador To France
The British Ambassador to France is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in France, and is the head of Britain's diplomatic mission in Paris. The official title is ''His Majesty's Ambassador to France''. Traditionally, the Embassy to France has been the most prestigious posting in the British foreign service, although in past centuries, diplomatic representation was lacking due to wars between the two countries and the Nazi occupation. For the period before the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, see List of ambassadors of the Kingdom of England to France (up to 1707) and List of ambassadors of Great Britain to France (from 1707 to 1800). The Paris embassy also covers remotely the French overseas territories (including French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Réunion, French Polynesia, Mayotte, Wallis and Futuna, New Caledonia, Saint-Barthélemy) and Monaco. Besides the embassy, the Foreign & Com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
