Citrus Leprosis Disease
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Citrus Leprosis Disease
Citrus leprosis (CL) is an economically important viral disease affecting citrus crops. This emerging disease is widely distributed in South and Central America, from Argentina to Mexico. The disease is associated with up to three different non-systemic viruses, which cause similar symptoms in the citrus hosts and are transmitted by the same vector, mites of the genus ''Brevipalpus''; although they have vastly different genomes. ''Citrus leprosis virus'' nuclear type (CiLV-N) is found in the nuclei and cytoplasm of infected cells, while ''Citrus leprosis virus'' cytoplasmic type (CiLV-C) is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. In 2012, a new virus causing similar symptoms was found in Colombia and it was named ''Citrus leprosis virus'' cytoplasmic type 2 (CiLV-C2) due to its close similarity to CiLV-C. The cytoplasmic type viruses are the most prevalent and widely distributed of the three species. Structure and genome CiLV-N has short, rod-shaped particles, 120 to 130 nanomete ...
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Citrus
''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering plant, flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as Orange (fruit), oranges, Lemon, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and lime (fruit), limes. The genus ''Citrus'' is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Australia (continent), Australia. Various citrus species have been used and domesticated by indigenous cultures in these areas since ancient times. From there its cultivation spread into Micronesia and Polynesia by the Austronesian expansion (c. 3000–1500 BCE); and to the Middle East and the Mediterranean (c. 1200 BCE) via the incense trade route, and onwards to Europe and the Americas. History Citrus plants are native to subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, Island Southeast Asia, Near Oceania, and northeastern Australia. Domestication of citrus species involved much hybridization and introgression, leaving much uncertainty ab ...
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Flat Mite, Brevipalpus Phoenicis
Flat or flats may refer to: Architecture * Flat (housing), an apartment in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and other Commonwealth countries Arts and entertainment * Flat (music), a symbol () which denotes a lower pitch * Flat (soldier), a two-dimensional toy soldier made of tin or plastic * Flat (theatre), a flat piece of theatrical scenery * Flat, a leading type of wordplay, as identified by the National Puzzlers' League * '' Flat!'' (2010), an Indian film * Flats (band), an English band * Flats (comics), the first stage in the comic coloring process Footwear * Flats, footwear which is not high-heeled * Ballet flats, derived from ballet shoes, for casual wear as well as dancing * Ballet shoes (also known as ballet slippers), often referred to as "flats" or "flat shoes" * Racing flats, lightweight shoes used primarily for running a race Geography Landforms * Flat (landform), a relatively level area within a region of greater relief Bodies of water * Flat, a sha ...
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University Of Florida
The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a public land-grant research university in Gainesville, Florida. It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida, traces its origins to 1853, and has operated continuously on its Gainesville campus since September 1906. After the Florida state legislature's creation of performance standards in 2013, the Florida Board of Governors designated the University of Florida as a "preeminent university". For 2022, '' U.S. News & World Report'' ranked Florida as the fifth (tied) best public university and 28th (tied) best university in the United States. The University of Florida is the only member of the Association of American Universities in Florida and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). It is the third largest Florida university by student population,Nathan Crabbe, UF is no longer la ...
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USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of commercial farming and livestock food production, promotes agricultural trade and production, works to assure food safety, protects natural resources, fosters rural communities and works to end hunger in the United States and internationally. It is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture, who reports directly to the President of the United States and is a member of the president's Cabinet. The current secretary is Tom Vilsack, who has served since February 24, 2021. Approximately 80% of the USDA's $141 billion budget goes to the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) program. The largest component of the FNS budget is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly known as the Food Stamp program), which is the cornerstone of USDA's ...
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AGRIS
AGRIS (International System for Agricultural Science and Technology) is a global public domain database with more than 12 million structured bibliographical records on agricultural science and technology. It became operational in 1975 and the database was maintained by Coherence in Information for Agricultural Research for Development, and its content is provided by more than 150 participating institutions from 65 countries. The AGRIS Search system, allows scientists, researchers and students to perform sophisticated searches using keywords from the AGROVOC thesaurus, specific journal titles or names of countries, institutions, and authors. Early AGRIS years As information management flourished in the 1970s, the AGRIS metadata corpus was developed to allow its users to have free access to knowledge available in agricultural science and technology. AGRIS was developed to be an international cooperative system to serve both developed and developing countries. With the advent of t ...
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Gainesville FL
Gainesville is the name of several places in the United States of America: * Gainesville, Alabama * Gainesville, Arkansas * Gainesville, Florida, the largest municipality with this name * Gainesville, Georgia * Gainesville, Missouri * Gainesville (town), New York ** Gainesville (village), New York, a village within the town of Gainesville * Gainesville, Texas * Gainesville, Virginia See also *Gainesville station (other) Gainesville station may refer to: *Gainesville station (Georgia), a train station in Gainesville, Georgia, serving Amtrak * Gainesville station (Texas), a train station in Gainesville, Texas, serving Amtrak * Gainesville station (Virginia), a propo ...
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Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
Florida is a U.S. state, state located in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba; it is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Spanning , Florida ranks 22nd in area among the 50 states, and with a population of over 21 million, it is the List of states and territories of the United States by population, third-most populous. The state capital is Tallahassee, Florida, Tallahassee, and the most populous city is Jacksonville, Florida, Jacksonville. The Miami metropolitan area, with a population of almost 6.2 million, is the most populous urban area in Florida and the List of metropolitan statistical areas, ninth-most populous in the United States; other urban conurbations with over on ...
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Magnolia Press
''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendron'', ''Manglietia'', ''Michelia'', ''Elmerrillia'', ''Kmeria'', ''Parakmeria'', ''Pachylarnax'' (and a small number of monospecific genera) all belong within the same genus, ''Magnolia'' s.l. (s.l. = ''sensu lato'': 'in a broad sense', as opposed to s.s. = ''sensu stricto'': 'in a narrow sense'). The genus ''Magnolia'' s.s. contains about 120 species. See the section Nomenclature and classification in this article. flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae. It is named after French botanist Pierre Magnol. ''Magnolia'' is an ancient genus. Appearing before bee Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-kno ...
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Philippe Park
Philippe Park is a Pinellas County park located in Safety Harbor, Florida. The park is named after Odet Philippe, who is credited with introducing grapefruit to Florida. It is situated on that was once part of Philippe's plantation. Philippe was the county's first non-native settler, arriving in 1842. Philippe is buried in the park but the exact location is undetermined. Half a century later the plantation was still growing citrus, as a nursery for the area extending north to Tarpon Springs. Then, here in 1907 citrus leprosis was first discovered by Fawcett. Google Books CL went on to almost eliminate citrus growing in Florida by 1925. A Tocobaga Indian mound that is situated in the park is a National Historic Landmark known as the Safety Harbor Site. The temple mound is one of the last remnants of the Tocobaga on the Pinellas Peninsula. Records indicate that Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the founder of St. Augustine, Florida, visited the site in 1566 to help broker a truce betw ...
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Transmission Electron Microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device. Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy is a major analytical method i ...
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Transovarial Transmission
Transovarial or transovarian transmission (transmission from parent to offspring via the ovaries) occurs in certain arthropod vectors as they transmit pathogens from parent to offspring. This process, used by a wide variety of parasites, is also known as vertical transmission. For example, ''Rickettsia rickettsii'', carried within ticks, is passed on from parent to offspring tick by transovarial transmission. This is in contrast to parasites such as ''Rickettsia prowazekii,'' which are not passed on by transovarian transmission due to killing the vector that carries it (in this case, the human louse). Other examples of parasites that use this mechanism of transmission include the aedes mosquito vector of the yellow fever virus and in phlebotomine sandflies that transmit pappataci fever. Richard Dawkins in "The Extended Phenotype" notes that "bacterial endosymbionts of insects which are transmitted transovarially" share an interest in the "success of their host's gametes.....as we ...
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