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Ciprefadol
Ciprefadol is an opioid analgesic that is an isoquinoline derivative most closely related to cyclazocine and picenadol, with a number of other related compounds known. Ciprefadol is a mixed agonist–antagonist at μ-opioid receptors and can partly block the effects of morphine at low doses, though at higher doses it acts more like a full agonist. It is also a potent κ-opioid agonist, unlike the corresponding N-methyl and N-phenethyl derivatives which are reasonably μ-selective agonists. Synthesis Fusion of an alicyclic ring onto the piperidine so as to form a perhydroisoquinoline is apparently consistent with analgesic activity. The Michael addition between 2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)Cyclohexanone 5547-89-4(1) and acrylonitrile giveCID:20460008(2). Hydrolysis of the nitrile to the corresponding acid giveCID:20334481(3). FGI to the acyl azide (4) followed by Curtius rearrangement leads to isocyanatebr>CID:85857788(5). Acid hydrolysis leads directly to the indolineCID:427266(6), b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perhydroisoquinoline
Decahydroisoquinoline is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle with the chemical formula . It is the Saturated and unsaturated compounds, saturated form of isoquinoline. Decahydroisoquinoline can be formed by the hydrogenation of isoquinoline or tetrahydroisoquinoline. Isomers There are four stereoisomers of decahydroisoquinoline which differ by the configuration of the two carbon atoms at the ring fusion: Occurrence The decahydroisoquinoline occurs naturally in some alkaloids, including gephyrotoxins and pumiliotoxin C which are found in amphibian skins. A variety of pharmaceutical drugs include a decahydroisoquinoline ring system within their structure, including ciprefadol, dasolampanel, nelfinavir, saquinavir, and tezampanel. References {{reflist Decahydroisoquinolines, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciprefadol Synthesis
Ciprefadol is an opioid analgesic that is an isoquinoline derivative most closely related to cyclazocine and picenadol, with a number of other related compounds known. Ciprefadol is a mixed agonist–antagonist at μ-opioid receptors and can partly block the effects of morphine at low doses, though at higher doses it acts more like a full agonist. It is also a potent κ-opioid agonist, unlike the corresponding N-methyl and N-phenethyl derivatives which are reasonably μ-selective agonists. Synthesis Fusion of an alicyclic ring onto the piperidine so as to form a perhydroisoquinoline is apparently consistent with analgesic activity. The Michael addition between 2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)Cyclohexanone 5547-89-4(1) and acrylonitrile giveCID:20460008(2). Hydrolysis of the nitrile to the corresponding acid giveCID:20334481(3). FGI to the acyl azide (4) followed by Curtius rearrangement leads to isocyanatebr>CID:85857788(5). Acid hydrolysis leads directly to the indolineCID:427266(6), b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opioid
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia. Other medical uses include suppression of diarrhea, replacement therapy for opioid use disorder, reversing opioid overdose, and suppressing cough. Extremely potent opioids such as carfentanil are approved only for veterinary use. Opioids are also frequently used non-medically for their euphoric effects or to prevent withdrawal. Opioids can cause death and have been used for executions in the United States. Side effects of opioids may include itchiness, sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, and euphoria. Long-term use can cause tolerance, meaning that increased doses are required to achieve the same effect, and physical dependence, meaning that abruptly discontinuing the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. The euphoria attracts recreational use, and frequent, escalating recreational use of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methylation
In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. These terms are commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science, and the biological sciences. In biological systems, methylation is catalyzed by enzymes; such methylation can be involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expression, regulation of protein function, and RNA processing. In vitro methylation of tissue samples is also one method for reducing certain histological staining artifacts. The reverse of methylation is demethylation. In biology In biological systems, methylation is accomplished by enzymes. Methylation can modify heavy metals, regulate gene expression, RNA processing and protein function. It has been recognized as a key process underlying epigenetics. Methanogenesis Methanogenesis, the process th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthetic Opioids
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia. Other medical uses include suppression of diarrhea, replacement therapy for opioid use disorder, reversing opioid overdose, and suppressing cough. Extremely potent opioids such as carfentanil are approved only for veterinary use. Opioids are also frequently used non-medically for their euphoric effects or to prevent withdrawal. Opioids can cause death and have been used for executions in the United States. Side effects of opioids may include itchiness, sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, and euphoria. Long-term use can cause tolerance, meaning that increased doses are required to achieve the same effect, and physical dependence, meaning that abruptly discontinuing the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. The euphoria attracts recreational use, and frequent, escalating recreational use of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enamine
An enamine is an unsaturated compound derived by the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a secondary amine. Enamines are versatile intermediates. : The word "enamine" is derived from the affix ''en''-, used as the suffix of alkene, and the root ''amine''. This can be compared with enol, which is a functional group containing both alkene (''en''-) and alcohol (-''ol''). Enamines are considered to be nitrogen analogs of enols. If one of the nitrogen substituents is a hydrogen atom, H, it is the tautomeric form of an imine. This usually will rearrange to the imine; however there are several exceptions (such as aniline). The enamine-imine tautomerism may be considered analogous to the keto-enol tautomerism. In both cases, a hydrogen atom switches its location between the heteroatom (oxygen or nitrogen) and the second carbon atom. Enamines are both good nucleophiles and good bases. Their behavior as carbon-based nucleophiles is explained with reference to the following reson ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aziridinium
Aziridinium is the ionic form of the class of molecules known as aziridines. Aziridines can be used to insert nitrogen atoms during synthesis, but without any substituents attached to the nitrogen in the ring, they are considered nonactivated and inert. They can be rendered active by the preparation of aziridinium ions. The creation of this ionic species imparts a 47 kJ/mol ring strain increase. Thus, aziridinium ions render nonactivated aziridines reactive, making them feasible to use in chemical synthesis. Although serving many synthetic purposes, aziridinium ions served as key reagents that were used for the production of nitrogen mustard, or "mustard gas Mustard gas or sulfur mustard is a chemical compound belonging to a family of cytotoxic and blister agents known as mustard agents. The name ''mustard gas'' is technically incorrect: the substance, when dispersed, is often not actually a gas, b ...", a chemical warfare agent. References {{Reflist Aziridines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxirane
Ethylene oxide is an organic compound with the formula . It is a cyclic ether and the simplest epoxide: a three-membered ring consisting of one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms. Ethylene oxide is a colorless and flammable gas with a faintly sweet odor. Because it is a strained ring, ethylene oxide easily participates in a number of addition reactions that result in ring-opening. Ethylene oxide is isomeric with acetaldehyde and with vinyl alcohol. Ethylene oxide is industrially produced by oxidation of ethylene in the presence of silver catalyst. The reactivity that is responsible for many of ethylene oxide's hazards also makes it useful. Although too dangerous for direct household use and generally unfamiliar to consumers, ethylene oxide is used for making many consumer products as well as non-consumer chemicals and intermediates. These products include detergents, thickeners, solvents, plastics, and various organic chemicals such as ethylene glycol, ethanolamines, simple and c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diazomethane
Diazomethane is the chemical compound CH2N2, discovered by German chemist Hans von Pechmann in 1894. It is the simplest diazo compound. In the pure form at room temperature, it is an extremely sensitive explosive yellow gas; thus, it is almost universally used as a solution in diethyl ether. The compound is a popular methylating agent in the laboratory, but it is too hazardous to be employed on an industrial scale without special precautions. Use of diazomethane has been significantly reduced by the introduction of the safer and equivalent reagent trimethylsilyldiazomethane. Use For safety and convenience diazomethane is always prepared as needed as a solution in ether and used as such. It converts carboxylic acids to methyl esters and phenols into their methyl ethers. The reaction is thought to proceed via proton transfer from carboxylic acid to diazomethane to give methyldiazonium cation, which reacts with the carboxylate ion to give the methyl ester and nitrogen gas. Label ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ternary Compound
In inorganic chemistry and materials chemistry, a ternary compound or ternary phase is a chemical compound containing three different elements. While some ternary compounds are molecular, ''e.g.'' chloroform (), more typically ternary phases refer to extended solids. Famous example are the perovskites. Binary phases, with only two elements, have lower degrees of complexity than ternary phases. With four elements, quaternary phases are more complex. The number of isomers of a ternary compound provide a distinction between inorganic and organic chemistry: "In inorganic chemistry one or, at most, only a few compounds composed of any two or three elements were known, whereas in organic chemistry the situation was very different." Ternary crystalline compounds An example is sodium phosphate, . The sodium ion has a charge of 1+ and the phosphate ion has a charge of 3–. Therefore, three sodium ions are needed to balance the charge of one phosphate ion. Another example of a ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
