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Cinara Pilicornis
''Cinara pilicornis'', the spruce shoot aphid or brown spruce shoot aphid, is an aphid species in the genus ''Cinara'' found on Norway spruce (''Picea abies'') and Sitka spruce (''Picea sitchensis'').An Entomophthora Species on Cinara pilicornis (Hartig) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). T. L. Edwards, The Irish Naturalists' Journal, Jan. 1981, Vol. 20, No. 5, pages 204-206jstor It is a quite large aphid species with a plump, dull brown body. It seems to have little effect on the tree. It is a European species but it has also been reported in spruce forests in New Zealand, together with the spruce aphid ('' Elatobium abietinum''). ''C. pilicornis'', which is attended by the honeydew-collecting ants ''Formica polyctena'', is seldom attacked by the parasitoid wasp '' Pauesia pini''. It is also a host for ''Entomophthora'' fungi. ''C. pilicornis'' produces the trisaccharide melezitose. Citronellol, cis–trans-nepetalactone and cis–trans-nepetalactol Nepetalactol is an iridoid. It is pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motility, able to move, can Sexual reproduction, reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of Cell (biology), cells, the blastula, during Embryogenesis, embryonic development. Over 1.5 million Extant taxon, living animal species have been Species description, described—of which around 1 million are Insecta, insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have Ecology, complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a Symmetry in biology#Bilate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Formica Polyctena
''Formica polyctena'' is a species of European red wood ant in the genus ''Formica'' and large family Formicidae. The species was first described by Arnold Förster in 1850. The latin species name ''polyctena'' is from Greek and literally means 'many cattle', referring to the species' habit of farming aphids for honeydew food. It is found in many European countries. It is a eusocial species, that has a distinct caste system of sterile workers and a very small reproductive caste. The ants have a genetic based cue that allow them to identify which other ants are members of their nest and which are foreign individuals. When facing these types of foreign invaders the ''F. polyctena'' has a system to activate an alarm. It can release pheromones which can trigger an alarm response in other nearby ants. It is found in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepetalactol
Nepetalactol is an iridoid. It is produced from 8-oxogeranial by the enzyme iridoid synthase. Nepetalactol is a substrate for the enzyme iridoid oxidase (IO) which produces 7-deoxyloganetic acid. It has been identified in ''Actinidia polygama ''Actinidia polygama'' (also known as , silver vine, , and cat powder) is a species of kiwifruit in the Actinidiaceae family. It grows in the mountainous areas of Korea, Japan and China at elevations between . Silver vine can reach up to high ...'' (the silver vine) as a major cat attractant, and a mosquito repellent. The fact that mosquitos bite cats with nepetalactol on their fur less often may explain why cats are attracted to silver vine in the first place. References {{Reflist Iridoids Cyclopentanes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepetalactone
Nepetalactone is a name for multiple iridoid analog stereoisomers. Nepetalactones are produced by ''Nepeta cataria'' (catnip) and many other plants belonging to the genus ''Nepeta'', in which they protect these plants from herbivorous insects by functioning as insect repellents. They are also produced by many aphids, in which they are sex pheromones. Nepetalactones are cat attractants, and cause the behavioral effects that catnip induces in domestic cats. However, they affect visibly only about two thirds of adult cats. They produce similar behavioral effects in many other felids, especially in lions and jaguars. In 1941, the research group of Samuel M. McElvain was the first to determine the structures of nepetalactones and several related compounds. Structure and properties Nepetalactone has three chiral centers, two at the fusion of the two rings, and one where the methyl group attaches to the cyclopentane ring. Thus, it has eight (23) stereoisomers. The terms ''cis'' and ''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citronellol
Citronellol, or dihydrogeraniol, is a natural acyclic monoterpenoid. Both enantiomers occur in nature. (+)-Citronellol, which is found in citronella oils, including ''Cymbopogon nardus'' (50%), is the more common isomer. (−)-Citronellol is widespread, but particularly abundant in the oils of rose (18–55%) and ''Pelargonium'' geraniums. Preparation Several million kilograms of citronellol are produced annually. It is mainly obtained by hydrogenation of geraniol or nerol over copper chromite catalyst. Homogeneous catalysts are used for the production of enantiomers. Citronellene is also a precursor. Uses Citronellol is used in perfumes and as a fragrance in cleaning products. In many applications, one of the enantiomers is preferred. It is a component of citronella oil, an insect repellant. Citronellol is used as a raw material for the production of rose oxide. It is also a precursor to many commercial and potential fragrances such as citronellol acetate, citronellyl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melezitose
Melezitose, also spelled melicitose, is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap eating insects, including aphids such as ''Cinara pilicornis'', by an enzyme reaction. This is beneficial to the insects, as it reduces the stress of osmosis by reducing their own water potential. The melezitose is part of the Honeydew (secretion), honeydew which acts as an attractant for ants and also as a food for bees. This is useful to the aphids as they have a symbiotic relationship with ants. Melezitose can be partially hydrolysis, hydrolyzed to glucose and turanose the latter of which is an isomer of sucrose. References {{Carbohydrates Trisaccharides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entomophthora
''Entomophthora'' is a fungal genus in the family Entomophthoraceae. Species in this genus are parasitic on flies and other two-winged insects. The genus was circumscribed by German physician Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang Fresenius (1808-1866) in 1856.Fresenius, G. 1856. Botanische Zeitung 14, 882-883. This fungus is parasitic and undergoes a number of stages within its life cycle, these include; infection, incubation, sporulation and mummification. Within each stage, this pathogen invades the host’s body cells, utilising the insect’s nutrients allowing it to take control over the brain just before the host’s death. Entomophthora reproduces asexually through both budding and spores. When in the host’s body, the pathogen utilises budding as a form of growth. This is done through a fungi cell developing a bud (daughter cell) on the parent cell. The parent cell then replicates its DNA and provides the daughter cell with this DNA. The daughter cell is then able to detach ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pauesia Pini
''Pauesia'' is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Aphidiinae. The species in the genus use the conifer aphids (genus ''Cinara'') as their host. '' Pauesia anatolica'' is a parasitoid of the cedar aphid '' Cinara cedri,'' and '' Pauesia grossa'' is a parasitoid of the black stem aphid (''Cinara confinis ''Cinara confinis'', the black stem aphid, is a species of aphid in the genus ''Cinara'', found feeding on the twigs of various species of fir (''Abies'') and on several other species of coniferous trees. This aphid has a Holarctic distribution a ...''). References * A revision of the genus ''Pausia'' Quilis in Japan, with descriptions of three new species (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae). Watanabe, C. and H. Takada, ''Insecta Matsumurana'', 1965, 28 (1), pages 1–17. Full article External links * BugGuide.netPictures of Aphoniinae Braconidae genera {{Ichneumonoidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elatobium Abietinum
''Elatobium abietinum'', commonly known as the spruce aphid or green spruce aphid, is a species of aphid in the subfamily Aphidinae that feeds on spruce (''Picea'' spp.), and occasionally fir (''Abies'' spp.). It is native to Northern, Central and Eastern Europe and has spread to Western Europe, North America and elsewhere. Description Wingless adults are some shade of green, sometimes with a slight waxy covering, and grow to a length of about . The siphunculi (slender tubes on the fifth abdominal segment) are cylindrical, pale and slightly S-shaped, and are much longer than the cauda (tail-like protrusion). Distribution and host range ''Elatobium abietinum'' is native to Northern, Central and Eastern Europe where its original host is ''Picea abies''. From this range it has spread to Western Europe where plantations of ''P. abies'' have been established, and expanded its host range to include ''Picea sitchensis'' and other ''Picea'' spp., and occasionally on fir (''Abies'' spp.) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthropod
Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arthropod cuticle, cuticle made of chitin, often Mineralization (biology), mineralised with calcium carbonate. The arthropod body plan consists of segments, each with a pair of appendages. Arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical and their body possesses an exoskeleton, external skeleton. In order to keep growing, they must go through stages of moulting, a process by which they shed their exoskeleton to reveal a new one. Some species have wings. They are an extremely diverse group, with up to 10 million species. The haemocoel, an arthropod's internal cavity, through which its haemolymph – analogue of blood – circulates, accommodates its interior Organ (anatomy), organs; it has an open circulatory system. Like their exteriors, the internal or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Picea Sitchensis
''Picea sitchensis'', the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost tall, with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft). It is by far the largest species of spruce and the fifth-largest conifer in the world (behind giant sequoia, coast redwood, kauri, and western red cedar), and the third-tallest conifer species (after coast redwood and coast Douglas fir). The Sitka spruce is one of the few species documented to exceed in height. Its name is derived from the community of Sitka in southeast Alaska, where it is prevalent. Its range hugs the western coast of Canada and the US, continuing south into northernmost California. Description The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small, circular plates across. The inner bark is reddish-brown. The crown is broad conic in young trees, becoming cylindric in older trees; old trees may not have branches lower than . The shoots are very pale buff-brown, almost white, and glab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Picea Abies
''Picea abies'', the Norway spruce or European spruce, is a species of spruce native to Northern Europe, Northern, Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. It has branchlets that typically hang downwards, and the largest cones of any spruce, 9–17 cm long. It is very closely related to the Siberian spruce (''Picea obovata''), which replaces it east of the Ural Mountains, and with which it hybridizes freely. The Norway spruce has a wide distribution for it being planted for its wood, and is the species used as the main Christmas tree in several countries around the world. It was the first gymnosperm to have its genome sequenced. The Latin binomial nomenclature, specific epithet ''abies'' means “like ''Abies'', Fir tree” Description Norway spruce is a large, fast-growing evergreen coniferous tree growing tall and with a trunk diameter of 1 to 1.5 m. It can grow fast when young, up to 1 m per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once ov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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