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Chungin
The ''jungin'' or ''chungin'' () were the upper middle class of the Joseon Dynasty in medieval and early modern Korean society. The name "jungin" directly means "middle people". This privileged class of commoners consisted of a small group of petty bureaucrats and other highly educated skilled workers whose technical and administrative skills enabled the ''yangban'' and the royal family to rule the lower classes. ''Jungin'' were the lifeblood of the Korean Confucian agrarian bureaucracy, for whom the upper classes depended on to maintain their vice-like hold on the people. Their traditions and habits are the forerunners of the modern Korean administrative systems in both North and South Korea. Professions and roles in the society In dynastic Korea, particularly during the Joseon period, the ''jungin'' were lower than the ''yangban'' aristocracy but above the lower middle and working class commoners in social status. They included highly educated government-employed specialis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gwageo
The ''gwageo'' or ''kwago'' were the national civil service examinations under the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties of Korea. Typically quite demanding, these tests measured candidates' ability of writing composition and knowledge of the Chinese classics. The form of writing varied from literature to proposals on management of the state. Technical subjects were also tested to appoint experts on medicine, interpretation, accounting, law etc. These were the primary route for most people to achieve positions in the bureaucracy. Based on the civil service examinations of imperial China, the ''gwageo'' first arose in Unified Silla, gained importance in Goryeo, and were the centerpiece of most education in the Joseon dynasty. The tutelage provided at the hyanggyo, seowon, and Sungkyunkwan was aimed primarily at preparing students for the gwageo and their subsequent career in government service. Under Joseon law, high office was closed to those who were not children of officials of the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sangmin
The ''sangmin'' () were the common people of Joseon-era Korea. Etymology A more polite but less accurate name for the ''sangmin'' is "''yangmin''" (). History The ''sangmin'' consisted of peasants, heavy laborers, fishermen, some craftsmen and merchants. The ''sangmin'' were considered "clean workers" but had little social status. Generally they were poor. They paid most of Korea's taxes and were subject to the military draft. Their lives were hard, but they were the foundation of the Joseon dynasty, just like the ''chungin'' were the backbone of the government. Some of the ''sangmin'' owned land which they farmed. Others rented land from the ''yangban'' as tenant farmers. Those that did not farm had the lowest status. In everyday life, the ''sangmin'' were the working people who struggled to survive. The ''yangban'' and ''chungin'' controlled and ruled over them. The ''sangmin'' did the heavy work. During the late Joseon period, particularly in the 19th century the sangmin reb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Middle Class
In sociology, the upper middle class is the social group constituted by higher status members of the middle class. This is in contrast to the term ''lower middle class'', which is used for the group at the opposite end of the middle-class stratum, and to the broader term ''middle class''. There is considerable debate as to how the upper middle class might be defined. According to sociologist Max Weber, the upper middle class consists of well-educated professionals with postgraduate degrees and comfortable incomes. The American upper middle class is defined similarly using income, education, and occupation as the predominant indicators. In the United States, the upper middle class is defined as consisting mostly of white-collar professionals who not only have above-average personal incomes and advanced educational degrees but also a higher degree of autonomy in their work. The main occupational tasks of upper-middle-class individuals tend to center on conceptualizing, consult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gungnyeo
Gungnyeo (literally "palace women")Han, Hee-sook, pp. 141–146 is a Korean term referring to women waiting on the king and other royalty in traditional Korean society. It is short for "gungjung yeogwan", which translates as "a lady officer of the royal court". ''Gungnyeo'' includes ''sanggung'' (palace matron) and ''nain'' (assistant court ladies), both of which hold rank as officers. The term is also used more broadly to encompass women in a lower class without a rank such as ''musuri'' (lowest maids in charge of odd chores), ''gaksimi'', ''sonnim'', ''uinyeo'' (female physicians) as well as ''nain'' and ''sanggung''. The term spans those from courtiers to domestic workers. Establishment Although the first record of ''gungnyeo'' appears in ''Goryeosa'', a compilation on the history of Goryeo, a provision was first made in 1392 by King Taejo per Jo Jun (趙浚) and other officers' suggestions after the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty. In 1428 Sejong the Great set up a de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baekjeong
The ''Baekjeong'' ( ko, 백정) were an untouchable caste in Korea, originating from some minority, nomadic groups of disputed ethnicity. In the early part of the Goryeo period (918–1392), these minorities were largely settled in fixed communities. However, the Mongol invasion left Korea in disarray and anomie and these groups became nomadic. Subgroups of the baekjeong included the ( "entertainers") and the () or (), who were primarily butchers. The baekjeong occupied specific professions like butchery, tanning, basket weaving and performing executions. During the Goryeo period, "baekjeong" was used as a neutral term to refer to the common people. From the time of the Joseon dynasty, it became an insulting title used to refer to the lowest class of society. In addition, since the Joseon dynasty, "baekjeong" has been also used to denigrate a person. In contemporary South Korea, the term is mainly associated with the meaning of a butcher and even used in the restaurants' names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Choe Nam-seon
Choe Nam-seon (April 26, 1890 – October 10, 1957), also known by the Japanese pronunciation of his name Sai Nanzen, was a prominent modern Korean historian, pioneering poet, and publisher, and a leading member of the Korean independence movement. He was born into a ''jungin'' (class between aristocrats and commoners) family in Seoul, Korea, under the late Joseon Dynasty, and educated in Seoul. In 1904 he went to study in Japan, and was greatly impressed by the Meiji Restoration reforms.Allen, Chizuko "Northeast Asia Centered Around Korea: Ch'oe Namsŏn's View of History" pages 787-807 from ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', Volume 48, Issue 4, November 1990 page 787. Upon his return to Korea, Choe became active in the Patriotic Enlightenment Movement, which sought to modernize Korea. Choe published Korea's first successful modern magazine, ''Youth'' (소년, ''Sonyeon''), through which he sought to bring modern knowledge about the world to Korea's youth. He coined the term ''han ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kim Kyu-sik
Kim Kyu-sik, also spelled Kimm Kiusic (Korean language, Korean:김규식, Hanja:金奎植, January 29, 1881 – December 10, 1950), was a Korean politician and academic during the Korean independence movement and a leader of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Kim served in various roles in the provisional government, including as foreign minister, ambassador, education minister and finally as the vice president from 1940 until the provisional government's dissolution on March 3, 1947. Kim's nicknames included Usa(우사), Kummun(금문), Kimsong(김성), and Chukchok(죽적). Life and career Early life Kim was born in Dongnae-gu, Dongnae, now part of modern-day Busan. Orphaned at an early age, Kim studied with American missionary H.G. Underwood starting from the age of 6, taking the Christian name "Johann". He later traveled to the United States, receiving a bachelor's degree from Roanoke College in 1903 and a master's degree in English literature from Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byeon Su
Byeon, also known as Byun, Pyon, is a Korean surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Byeon Chang-heum, South Korean educator * Byeon Hyo-mun, Joseon diplomat * Byeon Jin-su, South Korean baseball player * Byeon Jun-byum, South Korean football player * Byeon Sang-byeok, Joseon painter * Byeon Sang-su, South Korean canoeist * Byeon Sung-wan, South Korean politician * Byeon Woo-seok, South Korean actor * Byeon Yeong-ro, South Korean poet * Byeon Yeong-tae, South Korean politician * Byun Baek-hyun, South Korean singer and actor, member of boy band Exo * Byun Byung-joo, South Korean football player * Byun Chun-sa, South Korean short track speed skater * Byun Eun-jong, South Korean retired StarCraft pro gamer and poker player * Byun Hee-bong, South Korean actor * Byun Ho-young, South Korean football player * Byun Hye-young, South Korean former swimmer * Byun Jae-sub, South Korean footballer * Byun Jang-ho, South Korean film director * Byun Ji-hyun, South Korean figure s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oh Se-chang
Oh, OH, or Oh! is an interjection, often proclaiming surprise. It may refer to: Arts and entertainment Music Albums * ''Oh!'' (Girls' Generation album), 2010 * ''Oh!'' (ScoLoHoFo album), 2003 * ''OH (ohio)'', by Lambchop, 2008 * ''Oh!'', an EP that came with the preorders of ''Oh! Gravity.'' by Switchfoot, 2006 Songs * "O (Oh!)", 1920 by Ted Lewis, 1953 by Pee Wee Hunt * "Oh" (Ciara song), 2005 * "Oh!" (Girls' Generation song), 2010 * "Oh!" (Pink Lady song), 1981 * "Oh" (Stray Kids song), 2021 * "Oh!", by Boys Noize from '' Oi Oi Oi'' * "Oh!", by The Breeders from '' Pod'' * "Oh", by Dave Matthews from ''Some Devil'' * "Oh", by Fugazi from ''The Argument'' * "Oh", by Juliana Hatfield from ''Made in China'' * "Oh!", by Micky Green from '' White T-Shirt'' * "Oh!", by Sleater-Kinney from ''One Beat'' * "Oh", by Spratleys Japs from ''Pony'' * "Oh!", by The Trudy * "Oh," by Underworld, recorded for the soundtrack to A Life Less Ordinary, 1997 Other media * Oh! (TV channel), a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oh Gyeong-sok
Oh, OH, or Oh! is an interjection, often proclaiming surprise. It may refer to: Arts and entertainment Music Albums * ''Oh!'' (Girls' Generation album), 2010 * ''Oh!'' (ScoLoHoFo album), 2003 * ''OH (ohio)'', by Lambchop, 2008 * ''Oh!'', an EP that came with the preorders of ''Oh! Gravity.'' by Switchfoot, 2006 Songs * "O (Oh!)", 1920 by Ted Lewis, 1953 by Pee Wee Hunt * "Oh" (Ciara song), 2005 * "Oh!" (Girls' Generation song), 2010 * "Oh!" (Pink Lady song), 1981 * "Oh" (Stray Kids song), 2021 * "Oh!", by Boys Noize from '' Oi Oi Oi'' * "Oh!", by The Breeders from '' Pod'' * "Oh", by Dave Matthews from ''Some Devil'' * "Oh", by Fugazi from ''The Argument'' * "Oh", by Juliana Hatfield from ''Made in China'' * "Oh!", by Micky Green from '' White T-Shirt'' * "Oh!", by Sleater-Kinney from ''One Beat'' * "Oh", by Spratleys Japs from ''Pony'' * "Oh!", by The Trudy * "Oh," by Underworld, recorded for the soundtrack to A Life Less Ordinary, 1997 Other media * Oh! (TV channel), a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. Comprising the westernmost peninsulas of Eurasia, it shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered to be Boundaries between the continents of Earth#Asia and Europe, separated from Asia by the drainage divide, watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural (river), Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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