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Chord (peer-to-peer)
In computing, Chord is a protocol and algorithm for a peer-to-peer distributed hash table. A distributed hash table stores key-value pairs by assigning keys to different computers (known as "nodes"); a node will store the values for all the keys for which it is responsible. Chord specifies how keys are assigned to nodes, and how a node can discover the value for a given key by first locating the node responsible for that key. Chord is one of the four original distributed hash table protocols, along with CAN, Tapestry, and Pastry. It was introduced in 2001 by Ion Stoica, Robert Morris, David Karger, Frans Kaashoek, and Hari Balakrishnan, and was developed at MIT. The 2001 Chord paper won a ACM SIGCOMM Test of Time award in 2011. Subsequent research by Pamela Zave has shown that the original Chord algorithm (as specified in the 2001 SIGCOMM paper, the 2001 Technical report, the 2002 PODC paper, and the 2003 TON paper ) can mis-order the ring, produce several rings, and break t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and development of both hardware and software. Computing has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology and software engineering. The term "computing" is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers. History The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper (or for chalk and slate) with or without the aid of tables. Computing is intimately tied to the representation of numbers, though mathematical conc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consistent Hashing
In computer science, consistent hashing is a special kind of hashing technique such that when a hash table is resized, only n/m keys need to be remapped on average where n is the number of keys and m is the number of slots. In contrast, in most traditional hash tables, a change in the number of array slots causes nearly all keys to be remapped because the mapping between the keys and the slots is defined by a modular operation. History The term "consistent hashing" was introduced by David Karger ''et al.'' at MIT for use in distributed caching, particularly for the web. This academic paper from 1997 in Symposium on Theory of Computing introduced the term "consistent hashing" as a way of distributing requests among a changing population of web servers. Each slot is then represented by a server in a distributed system or cluster. The addition of a server and the removal of a server (during scalability or outage) requires only num\_keys/num\_slots items to be re-shuffled when the nu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Articles With Example Pseudocode
Article often refers to: * Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness * Article (publishing), a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication Article may also refer to: Government and law * Article (European Union), articles of treaties of the European Union * Articles of association, the regulations governing a company, used in India, the UK and other countries * Articles of clerkship, the contract accepted to become an articled clerk * Articles of Confederation, the predecessor to the current United States Constitution *Article of Impeachment, a formal document and charge used for impeachment in the United States * Articles of incorporation, for corporations, U.S. equivalent of articles of association * Articles of organization, for limited liability organizations, a U.S. equivalent of articles of association Other uses * Article, an HTML element, delimited by the tags and * Article of clothing, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SimGrid
{{Infobox software , name = SimGrid , title = SimGrid , logo = , author = , developer = , released = {{start date, 1998{{cite conference , first = Henri , last = Casanova , title = A Toolkit for the Simulation of Application Scheduling , book-title = First IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGrid'01) , pages = 430–441 , date = May 2001 , location = Brisbane, Australia , doi = 10.1109/CCGRID.2001.923223 , latest release version = 3.32 , latest release date = {{start date and age, 2022, 10, 04{{cite web, title=SimGrid download page, url=https://framagit.org/simgrid/simgrid/-/releases/v3.32, accessdate=2022-10-13 , programming language = Core: C++; Bindings: Java, Python, lua.{{cite web, title=Official SimGrid Page, url=http://simgrid.gforge.inria.fr/, accessdate=November 27, 2012 , platform = Unix, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows , genre = Distributed system simulator, Network simulator , license = GNU Lesser General Public L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OverSim
OverSim is an OMNeT++-based open-source simulation framework for overlay and peer-to-peer networks, developed at the Institute of Telematics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. The simulator contains several models for structured (e.g. Chord, Kademlia, Pastry) and unstructured (e.g. GIA) peer-to-peer protocols. An example implementation of the framework is an implementation of a peer-to-peer SIP communications network. OverSim Features Some of the main features of the OverSim simulation framework include: Flexibility The simulator allows to simulate both structured and unstructured overlay networks (currently Chord, Pastry, Koorde, Broose, Kademlia, and GIA are implemented). The modular design and use of the Common API facilitate the extension with new features or protocols. Module behavior can easily be customized by specify parameters in a human readable configuration file. Interactive GUI In order to validate and debug new or existing overlay protocols you can ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koorde
In peer-to-peer networks, Koorde is a distributed hash table (DHT) system based on the Chord DHT and the De Bruijn graph (De Bruijn sequence). Inheriting the simplicity of Chord, Koorde meets hops per node (where is the number of nodes in the DHT), and hops per lookup request with neighbors per node. The Chord concept is based on a wide range of identifiers (e.g. 2) in a structure of a ring where an identifier can stand for both node and data. Node-successor is responsible for the whole range of IDs between itself and its predecessor. De Bruijn's graphs Koorde is based on Chord but also on the De Bruijn graph (De Bruijn sequence). In a -dimensional de Bruijn graph, there are nodes, each of which has a unique ID with bits. The node with ID is connected to nodes and . Thanks to this property, the routing algorithm can route to any destination in hops by successively "shifting in" the bits of the destination ID but only if the dimensions of the distance between and are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kademlia
Kademlia is a distributed hash table for decentralized peer-to-peer computer networks designed by Petar Maymounkov and David Mazières in 2002. It specifies the structure of the network and the exchange of information through node lookups. Kademlia nodes communicate among themselves using UDP. A virtual or overlay network is formed by the participant nodes. Each node is identified by a number or ''node ID''. The ''node ID'' serves not only as identification, but the Kademlia algorithm uses the ''node ID'' to locate values (usually file hashes or keywords). In order to look up the value associated with a given key, the algorithm explores the network in several steps. Each step will find nodes that are closer to the key until the contacted node returns the value or no more closer nodes are found. This is very efficient: like many other s, Kademlia contacts only O(\log n) nodes during the search out of a total of n nodes in the system. Further advantages are found particularly in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chord Route
Chord may refer to: * Chord (music), an aggregate of musical pitches sounded simultaneously ** Guitar chord a chord played on a guitar, which has a particular tuning * Chord (geometry), a line segment joining two points on a curve * Chord (astronomy), a line crossing a foreground astronomical object during an occultation which gives an indication of the object's size and/or shape * Chord (graph theory), an edge joining two nonadjacent nodes in a cycle * Chord in truss construction – an outside member of a truss, as opposed to the inner "webbed members" * Chord (aeronautics), the distance between the front and back of a wing, measured in the direction of the normal airflow. The term chord was selected due to the curved nature of the wing's surface * Chord (peer-to-peer), a peer-to-peer protocol and algorithm for distributed hash tables (DHT) * Chord (concurrency), a concurrency construct in some object-oriented programming languages * In British railway terminology, a chord c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Load Balancing (computing)
In computing, load balancing is the process of distributing a set of tasks over a set of resources (computing units), with the aim of making their overall processing more efficient. Load balancing can optimize the response time and avoid unevenly overloading some compute nodes while other compute nodes are left idle. Load balancing is the subject of research in the field of parallel computers. Two main approaches exist: static algorithms, which do not take into account the state of the different machines, and dynamic algorithms, which are usually more general and more efficient but require exchanges of information between the different computing units, at the risk of a loss of efficiency. Problem overview A load-balancing algorithm always tries to answer a specific problem. Among other things, the nature of the tasks, the algorithmic complexity, the hardware architecture on which the algorithms will run as well as required error tolerance, must be taken into account. Therefore c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chord Network
Chord may refer to: * Chord (music), an aggregate of musical pitches sounded simultaneously ** Guitar chord a chord played on a guitar, which has a particular tuning * Chord (geometry), a line segment joining two points on a curve * Chord (astronomy), a line crossing a foreground astronomical object during an occultation which gives an indication of the object's size and/or shape * Chord (graph theory), an edge joining two nonadjacent nodes in a cycle * Chord in truss construction – an outside member of a truss, as opposed to the inner "webbed members" * Chord (aeronautics), the distance between the front and back of a wing, measured in the direction of the normal airflow. The term chord was selected due to the curved nature of the wing's surface * Chord (peer-to-peer), a peer-to-peer protocol and algorithm for distributed hash tables (DHT) * Chord (concurrency), a concurrency construct in some object-oriented programming languages * In British railway terminology, a chord c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hash Collision
In computer science, a hash collision or hash clash is when two pieces of data in a hash table share the same hash value. The hash value in this case is derived from a hash function which takes a data input and returns a fixed length of bits. Although hash algorithms have been created with the intent of being collision resistant, they can still sometimes map different data to the same hash (by virtue of the pigeonhole principle). Malicious users can take advantage of this to mimic, access, or alter data. Due to the possible negative applications of hash collisions in data management and computer security (in particular, cryptographic hash functions), collision avoidance has become an important topic in computer security. Background Hash collisions can be unavoidable depending on the number of objects in a set and whether or not the bit string they are mapped to is long enough in length. When there is a set of ''n'' objects, if ''n'' is greater than , ''R'', , which in this ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IP Address
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label such as that is connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.. Updated by . An IP address serves two main functions: network interface identification and location addressing. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998. IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. IP addresses are written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as in IPv4, and in IPv6. The size of the routing prefix of the address is designated in CIDR notation by suffixing the address with the number of significant bits, e.g., , which is equivalent to the historically used subnet mask . The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
