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Chord (peer-to-peer)
In computing, Chord is a protocol and algorithm for a peer-to-peer distributed hash table. A distributed hash table stores associative array, key-value pairs by assigning keys to different computers (known as "nodes"); a node will store the values for all the keys for which it is responsible. Chord specifies how keys are assigned to nodes, and how a node can discover the value for a given key by first locating the node responsible for that key. Chord is one of the four original distributed hash table protocols, along with Content addressable network, CAN, Tapestry (DHT), Tapestry, and Pastry (DHT), Pastry. It was introduced in 2001 by Ion Stoica, Robert Tappan Morris, Robert Morris, David Karger, Frans Kaashoek, and Hari Balakrishnan, and was developed at MIT. The 2001 Chord paper won an ACM SIGCOMM Test of Time award in 2011. Subsequent research by Pamela Zave has shown that the original Chord algorithm (as specified in the 2001 SIGCOMM paper, the 2001 Technical report, the 2002 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computer, computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both computer hardware, hardware and software. Computing has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering. The term ''computing'' is also synonymous with counting and calculation, calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by Mechanical computer, mechanical computing machines, and before that, to Computer (occupation), human computers. History The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper (or for chalk and slate) with or without the aid of tables. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SHA-1
In cryptography, SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest – typically rendered as 40 hexadecimal digits. It was designed by the United States National Security Agency, and is a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard. The algorithm has been cryptographically broken but is still widely used. Since 2005, SHA-1 has not been considered secure against well-funded opponents; as of 2010 many organizations have recommended its replacement. NIST formally deprecated use of SHA-1 in 2011 and disallowed its use for digital signatures in 2013, and declared that it should be phased out by 2030. , chosen-prefix attacks against SHA-1 are practical. As such, it is recommended to remove SHA-1 from products as soon as possible and instead use SHA-2 or SHA-3. Replacing SHA-1 is urgent where it is used for digital signatures. All major web browser vendors ceased acceptance of SHA-1 SSL certifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Articles With Example Pseudocode
Article often refers to: * Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness * Article (publishing) An article or piece is a written work published in a Publishing, print or electronic media, electronic medium, for the propagation of news, research results, academic analysis or debate. News A news article discusses current or recent news of e ..., a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication Article(s) may also refer to: Government and law * Elements of treaties of the European Union * Articles of association, the regulations governing a company, used in India, the UK and other countries; called articles of incorporation in the US * Articles of clerkship, the contract accepted to become an articled clerk * Articles of Confederation, the predecessor to the current United States Constitution * Article of impeachment, a formal document and charge used for impeachment in the United States * Article of ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SimGrid
is a framework for simulating applications on distributed computing systems. It provides high-level programming language tools for comparing, evaluating, analyzing, and prototyping algorithms across different platforms. SimGrid has been used to conduct experimental simulations in multiple domains, including cluster computing, grid computing, heuristics and peer-to-peer (P2P) computing. is distributed as freeware under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 ( LGPL-2.1-only). History SimGrid started in 1999 as a joint research project between Henry Casanova and Arnaud Legrand from the University of California, San Diego and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, respectively. The original design was only used for simulating the scheduling of heuristics for heterogeneous platforms. SimGrid has received funding from national and international research agencies and has evolved through various projects, including SONGS, USS-SimGrid, and ASTR. APIs and models S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OverSim
OverSim is an OMNeT++-based open-source simulation framework for overlay and peer-to-peer networks, developed at the Institute of Telematics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. The simulator contains several models for structured (e.g. Chord, Kademlia, Pastry) and unstructured (e.g. GIA) peer-to-peer protocols. An example implementation of the framework is an implementation of a peer-to-peer SIP communications network. OverSim features Some of the main features of the OverSim simulation framework include: Flexibility The simulator allows to simulate both structured and unstructured overlay networks (currently Chord, Pastry, Koorde, Broose, Kademlia Kademlia is a distributed hash table for decentralized peer-to-peer computer networks designed by Petar Maymounkov and David Mazières in 2002. It specifies the structure of the network and the exchange of information through node (networking), no ..., and GIA are implemented). The modular design and use of the Common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koorde
In peer-to-peer networks, Koorde is a distributed hash table (DHT) system based on the Chord (DHT), Chord DHT and the De Bruijn graph (De Bruijn sequence). Inheriting the simplicity of Chord, Koorde meets hops per Node (networking), node (where is the number of nodes in the DHT), and hops per lookup request with neighbors per node. The Chord concept is based on a wide range of Network address, identifiers (e.g. 2) in a structure of a Ring network, ring where an identifier can stand for both node and data. Node-successor is responsible for the whole range of IDs between itself and its predecessor. De Bruijn's graphs Koorde is based on Chord but also on the De Bruijn graph (De Bruijn sequence). In a -dimensional de Bruijn graph, there are Vertex (graph theory), nodes, each of which has a unique Network address, ID with bits. The node with ID is connected to nodes and . Thanks to this property, the routing algorithm can route to any destination in hops by successively "shi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kademlia
Kademlia is a distributed hash table for decentralized peer-to-peer computer networks designed by Petar Maymounkov and David Mazières in 2002. It specifies the structure of the network and the exchange of information through node (networking), node lookups. Kademlia nodes communicate among themselves using User Datagram Protocol, UDP. A virtual or overlay network is formed by the participant nodes. Each node is identified by a number or ''node ID''. The ''node ID'' serves not only as identification, but the Kademlia algorithm uses the ''node ID'' to locate values (usually file Hash function, hashes or keywords). In order to look up the value associated with a given key, the algorithm explores the network in several steps. Each step will find nodes that are closer to the key until the contacted node returns the value or no more closer nodes are found. This is very efficient: like many other s, Kademlia contacts only Big O notation, O(\log n) nodes during the search out of a total o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chord Route
Chord or chords may refer to: Art and music * Chord (music), an aggregate of musical pitches sounded simultaneously ** Guitar chord, a chord played on a guitar, which has a particular tuning * The Chords (British band), 1970s British mod revival band * The Chords (American band), 1950s American doo-wop group * ''The Chord'' (painting), a c.1715 painting by Antoine Watteau * Andrew Chord, a comic book character who is the former mentor of the New Warriors Mathematics * Chord (geometry), a line segment joining two points on a curve * Chord (graph theory), an edge joining two nonadjacent nodes in a cycle People * Chord Overstreet, American actor and musician * Chords (musician), a Swedish hiphop/reggae artist Programming * Chord (concurrency), a concurrency construct in some object-oriented programming languages * Chord (peer-to-peer), a peer-to-peer protocol and algorithm for distributed hash tables (DHT) Science and technology * Chord (astronomy), a line cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) refer to networks of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors that monitor and record the physical conditions of the environment and forward the collected data to a central location. WSNs can measure environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity and wind. These are similar to wireless ad hoc networks in the sense that they rely on wireless connectivity and spontaneous formation of networks so that sensor data can be transported wirelessly. WSNs monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, and pressure. Modern networks are bi-directional, both collecting data and enabling control of sensor activity. The development of these networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Such networks are used in industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control and machine health monitoring and agriculture. A WSN is built of "nodes" – from a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Load Balancing (computing)
In computing, load balancing is the process of distributing a set of tasks over a set of resources (computing units), with the aim of making their overall processing more efficient. Load balancing can optimize response time and avoid unevenly overloading some compute nodes while other compute nodes are left idle. Load balancing is the subject of research in the field of parallel computers. Two main approaches exist: static algorithms, which do not take into account the state of the different machines, and dynamic algorithms, which are usually more general and more efficient but require exchanges of information between the different computing units, at the risk of a loss of efficiency. Problem overview A load-balancing algorithm always tries to answer a specific problem. Among other things, the nature of the tasks, the algorithmic complexity, the hardware architecture on which the algorithms will run as well as required error tolerance, must be taken into account. Therefore com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chord Network
Chord or chords may refer to: Art and music * Chord (music), an aggregate of musical pitches sounded simultaneously ** Guitar chord, a chord played on a guitar, which has a particular tuning * The Chords (British band), 1970s British mod revival band * The Chords (American band), 1950s American doo-wop group * ''The Chord'' (painting), a c.1715 painting by Antoine Watteau * Andrew Chord, a comic book character who is the former mentor of the New Warriors Mathematics * Chord (geometry), a line segment joining two points on a curve * Chord (graph theory), an edge joining two nonadjacent nodes in a cycle People * Chord Overstreet, American actor and musician * Chords (musician), a Swedish hiphop/reggae artist Programming * Chord (concurrency), a concurrency construct in some object-oriented programming languages * Chord (peer-to-peer), a peer-to-peer protocol and algorithm for distributed hash tables (DHT) Science and technology * Chord (astronomy), a line cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hash Collision
In computer science, a hash collision or hash clash is when two distinct pieces of data in a hash table share the same hash value. The hash value in this case is derived from a hash function which takes a data input and returns a fixed length of bits. Although hash algorithms, especially cryptographic hash algorithms, have been created with the intent of being Collision resistance, collision resistant, they can still sometimes map different data to the same hash (by virtue of the pigeonhole principle). Malicious users can take advantage of this to mimic, access, or alter data. Due to the possible negative applications of hash collisions in data management and computer security (in particular, cryptographic hash functions), collision avoidance has become an important topic in computer security. Background Hash collisions can be unavoidable depending on the number of objects in a set and whether or not the bit string they are mapped to is long enough in length. When there is a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
