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Chocoan
The Choco languages (also Chocoan, Chocó, Chokó) are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and Panama. Family division Choco consists of six known branches, all but two of which are extinct. *The Emberá languages (also known as Chocó proper, Cholo) * Noanamá (also known as Waunana, Woun Meu) * Anserma ''(†)'' * Arma ''(†)'' ? (unattested) * Sinúfana (Cenufara) ''(†)'' ? * Caramanta ''(†)'' ? Anserma, Arma, and Sinúfana are extinct. The Emberá group consists of two languages mainly in Colombia with over 60,000 speakers that lie within a fairly mutually intelligible dialect continuum. Ethnologue divides this into six languages. Kaufman (1994) considers the term ''Cholo'' to be vague and condescending. Noanamá has some 6,000 speakers on the Panama-Colombia border. Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguÃstico das terras tropicais sul-american ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yaruro Language
The Yaruro language (also spelled ''Llaruro'' or ''Yaruru''; also called YuapÃn or Pumé) is an indigenous language spoken by Yaruro people, along the Orinoco, Cinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers of Venezuela. It is not well classified; it may be an isolate, or distantly related to the extinct Esmeralda language. Genetic relations Pache (2016) considers Yaruro to be related to the Chocoan languages, citing evidence from lexical and sound correspondences. Some shared lexical items between Yaruro and Chocoan (Pache (2016) cites Yaruro and Epena forms from the Intercontinental Dictionary Series): : Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Saliba-Hodi, Arawak, Bora-Muinane, Choko, Witoto-Okaina, and Waorani language families due to contact. Phonology Consonants Vowels Alexandra Y. Aikhenvlad & R. M. Dixon (1999). p. 378. Vocabulary Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. : Further reading *Obregó ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caramanta Language
Anserma (Anserna) is an extinct Chocoan language of Colombia. Dialects included Caramanta and Cartama.Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). 2012''The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide'' Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with the Barbacoan languages due to contact. References Choco languages Languages of Colombia Extinct languages of South America {{Na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anserma Language
Anserma (Anserna) is an extinct Chocoan language of Colombia. Dialects included Caramanta and Cartama.Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). 2012''The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide'' Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with the Barbacoan languages due to contact. References Choco languages Languages of Colombia Extinct languages of South America {{Na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epena Language
Eperara Epena (Southern Embera) is an Embera language of Colombia, with about 250 speakers in Ecuador. Geographic Distribution Epena is spoken on the Pacific coastal rivers of the departments of Nariño, Cauca, and Valle del Cauca in Colombia. A major grouping of the Epena is found in Cauca along the Saija River and three of its major tributaries: the GuangüÃ, InfÃ, and CupÃ. Social contact and intermarriage with the neighboring Wounaan is commonplace. The Basuradó dialect is spoken on the Basuradó River in the Department of the Chocó, near the Docampadó River. This is the only Epena dialect that differs significantly from the others. Orthography * a - * ã - £* b - * ch - ͡ʃ* d - * e - * ẽ - º½* ë - ™* ë̃ - ™Ìƒ* g - * i - * Ä© - ©* ï - ¨(also written as ɨ in some texts) * ï̃ - ¨Ìƒ* j - * k - * k' - Ê°* m - * n - * o - * õ - µ* p - * p' - Ê°* r - ¾~r* s - * t - * t' - Ê°* u - * Å© - ©* w - * y - Glottal stops are represe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinúfana Language
Sinúfana (Cenufana; also Cenu/Zenu/Sinú) is an extinct, poorly attested, and possibly Chocoan language of Colombia. References Choco languages Languages of Colombia Extinct languages of South America Unclassified languages of South America {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waunana Language
The Wounaan language, also known as Noanamá and Woun Meu, is a Chocoan language, with around 10,000 speakers on the border between Panama and Colombia. Phonology The following tables show the vowel and consonant sounds of Wounann, transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic transcription, phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standa .... Vowels All vowels have nasalized counterparts. Consonants References Choco languages Embera-Wounaan Indigenous languages of Central America Indigenous languages of the South American Northwest {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noanamá Language
The Wounaan language, also known as Noanamá and Woun Meu, is a Chocoan language, with around 10,000 speakers on the border between Panama and Colombia. Phonology The following tables show the vowel and consonant sounds of Wounann, transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet. Vowels All vowels have nasalized counterparts. Consonants References Choco languages Embera-Wounaan Indigenous languages of Central America Indigenous languages of the South American Northwest {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emberá Languages
Emberá (also known as Chocó) is a dialect continuum spoken by Emberá people, 100,000 people in northwestern Colombia and southeastern Panama. It belongs to the Choco languages, Choco language family. ''Embera, Emperã, Empena, Eberã, Epena'', etc. is the Embera word for 'human being' or 'man' and is used as the autonym by all speakers of varieties of Embera (though not by the related Wounaan). It is also sometimes used to refer to other indigenous people who are not of Emberá ethnicity. Languages and regional variation Emberá is usually divided into at least two major groupings: # Northern Emberá # Southern Emberá Each has a few regional variety (linguistics), varieties. These varieties are sometimes considered dialects but are actually distinct languages. The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America lists them as follows, along with alleged sub-varieties which may be places, extinct groups, or misspellings: * Northern (Northern Antioquia, Emberá norteño ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arma Language
Arma is a possible but unattested extinct language of Colombia. Loukotka (1968) claims that it was once spoken on the Pueblano River, but lists no source to substantiate this claim. See also *Arma-Pozo language The following purported languages of South America are listed as unclassified in Campbell (2012), Loukotka (1968), ''Ethnologue'', and ''Glottolog''. Nearly all are extinct. It is likely that many of them were not actually distinct languages, only ... References Choco languages Languages of Colombia Unattested languages of South America Extinct languages of South America {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Native American Languages
Over a thousand indigenous languages are spoken by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. These languages cannot all be demonstrated to be related to each other and are classified into a hundred or so language families (including a large number of language isolates), as well as a number of extinct languages that are unclassified because of a lack of data. Many proposals have been made to relate some or all of these languages to each other, with varying degrees of success. The most notorious is Joseph Greenberg's Amerind hypothesis, which however nearly all specialists reject because of severe methodological flaws; spurious data; and a failure to distinguish cognation, contact, and coincidence. Nonetheless, there are indications that some of the recognized families are related to each other, such as widespread similarities in pronouns (e.g., ''n''/''m'' is a common pattern for 'I'/'you' across western North America, and ''ch''/''k''/''t'' for 'I'/'you'/'we' is similarly found ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chibchan Languages
The Chibchan languages (also Chibchan, Chibchano) make up a language family indigenous to the Isthmo-Colombian Area, which extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia and includes populations of these countries as well as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. The name is derived from the name of an extinct language called ''Chibcha'' or ''Muysccubun'', once spoken by the people who lived on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of which the city of Bogotá was the southern capital at the time of the Spanish Conquista. However, genetic and linguistic data now indicate that the original heart of Chibchan languages and Chibchan-speaking peoples might not have been in Colombia, but in the area of the Costa Rica-Panama border, where the greatest variety of Chibchan languages has been identified. External relations A larger family called ''Macro-Chibchan'', which would contain the Misumalpan languages, Xinca, and Lenca, was found convincing by Kaufman (1990). Pache (2018) suggests a dista ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panama
Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's million people. Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of En ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
