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Charles Laurent
Charles Louis Laurent (18 March 1879 – 10 July 1965) was a French trade union leader. From 1899, Laurent worked for the Deposits and Consignments Fund, eventually rising to become office manager. He became interested in trade unionism, and in 1908 he established a loose federation of civil servants. It had 140,000 on its launch, and 228,000 the following year. It led a strike in the postal service that year, and this convinced Laurent to reform the body as the more formal Civil Servants' Federation, becoming its general secretary. The federation was able to sustain its membership, around half of whom were schoolteachers. In 1913, Laurent launched a union journal. Although the federation was forced to stop operations at the start of World War I, Laurent revived it in 1917. From 1915 to 1918, he served as a captain in the army, but remained based in Paris. In 1920, Laurent took the federation into the General Confederation of Labour (CGT). In 1922, he was laid off f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French People
The French people (french: Français) are an ethnic group and nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France. The French people, especially the native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily the descendants of Gauls (including the Belgae) and Romans (or Gallo-Romans, western European Celtic and Italic peoples), as well as Germanic peoples such as the Franks, the Visigoths, the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in Gaul from east of the Rhine after the fall of the Roman Empire, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The Norse also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the Normans. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany, Occi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deposits And Consignments Fund
A deposit account is a bank account maintained by a financial institution in which a customer can deposit and withdraw money. Deposit accounts can be savings accounts, current accounts or any of several other types of accounts explained below. Transactions on deposit accounts are recorded in a bank's books, and the resulting balance is recorded as a liability of the bank and represents an amount owed by the bank to the customer. In other words, the banker-customer (depositor) relationship is one of debtor-creditor. Some banks charge fees for transactions on a customer's account. Additionally, some banks pay customers interest on their account balances. Types of accounts * How banking works In banking, the verbs "deposit" and "withdraw" mean a customer paying money into, and taking money out of, an account, respectively. From a legal and financial accounting standpoint, the noun "deposit" is used by the banking industry in financial statements to describe the liability owed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war. Prior to 1914, the European great powers were divided between the Triple Entente (comprising France, Russia, and Britain) and the Triple Alliance (containing Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Tensions in the Balkans came to a head on 28 June 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Confederation Of Labour (France)
The General Confederation of Labour (french: Confédération Générale du Travail, CGT) is a national trade union center, founded in 1895 in the city of Limoges. It is the first of the five major French confederations of trade unions. It is the largest in terms of votes (32.1% at the 2002 professional election, 34.0% in the 2008 election), and second largest in terms of membership numbers. Its membership decreased to 650,000 members in 1995–96 (it had more than doubled when François Mitterrand was elected president in 1981), before increasing today to between 700,000 and 720,000 members, slightly fewer than the Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail (CFDT). According to the historian M. Dreyfus, the direction of the CGT is slowly evolving, since the 1990s, during which it cut all organic links with the French Communist Party (PCF), in favour of a more moderate stance. The CGT is concentrating its attention, in particular since the 1995 general strikes, to tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Bloc (France)
The National Bloc (french: Bloc national) was the name given to two loose coalitions formed by various parties of the right in France, characterised by an alliance between former enemies of centre-right Radicals, conservative liberals and Catholic nationalists. The first Bloc, led by Clemenceau, was in power from 1919 to 1924. Later, the name was often used to describe a governing alliance of a similar range of parties, led by Poincaré and in power from 1926 to 1932. Elections of 1919 Made up primarily of conservative right wing parties, such as the Fédération républicaine, Alliance démocratique, and Action libérale, the coalition had the support of various radical right wing parties as well. The Bloc wanted to continue the patriotic union sacrée which was Raymond Poincaré's coalition during World War I. The bloc won with 53% of the vote. The National Bloc election campaign focused on two principal issues: Patriotism and fear of Bolshevism. * Patriotism: The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Federation Of Civil Servants
The International Federation of Civil Servants was a global union federation bringing together trade unions representing civil servants. History Two international conferences of unions of civil servants were organised by the Austrian Association of Public Employees, and held in Vienna in 1923 and 1924. These led to the establishment of the International Federation of Civil Servants and Teachers in 1925, with headquarters in Paris. In 1927, the International Federation of Trade Unions sponsored the creation of a new Teachers' International Trade Secretariat, and the unions of teachers decided to leave the International Federation of Civil Servants and Teachers, to join the new organisation. As a result, the federation shortened its name to the "International Federation of Civil Servants". In 1935, the federation merged into the International Federation of Employees in Public Services, which renamed itself as the "International Federation of Employees in Public and Civil Services". ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Federation Of Employees In Public And Civil Services
Public Services International (PSI) is the global union federation for workers in public services, including those who work in social services, health care, municipal services, central government and public utilities. , PSI has 700 affiliated trade unions from 154 countries representing over 30 million workers. History In March 1907, the executive of the German Union of Municipal and State Workers, based in Berlin, issued a call to "workers employed in municipal and state undertakings, in power stations, in gas and waterworks, in all countries" to attend an international conference in August 1907, in Stuttgart. Four Danes, two Dutchmen, eight Germans, a Hungarian, a Swede and a Swiss met in the Stuttgart trade union building for the First Congress of Public Services International, representing 44,479 workers, and they founded the International Secretariat of the Workers in Public Services. This grew rapidly, and by 1913 represented more than 100,000 workers, enabling a pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Council Of The Resistance
The National Council of the Resistance (also, National Resistance Council; in French: ''Conseil National de la Résistance'' (CNR), was the body that directed and coordinated the different movements of the French Resistance: the press, trade unions and members of political parties hostile to the Vichy regime, starting from mid-1943. Background Various resistance movements had arisen in France since the start of the German occupation in June 1940. With the possible exception of the ''Francs-Tireurs et Partisans'' and other groups loyal to the Communist Party of France, the ''maquis'' groups were mostly unorganised and unrelated to one another. This lack of coordination made them less effective in their actions against the Nazi occupiers. Formation and Meeting of Resistance Fighters Charles de Gaulle, exiled in London and recognized by the UK as leader of a French government in exile, began seeking the formation of a committee to unify the resistance movements. On January 1, 1942 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provisional Consultative Assembly
The Provisional Consultative Assembly (french: Assemblée consultative provisoire) was a governmental organ of Free France that operated under the aegis of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN) and that represented the resistance movements, political parties, and territories that were engaged against Germany in the Second World War alongside the Allies. Established by ordinance on 17 September 1943 by the CFLN, it held its first meetings in Algiers, at the Palais Carnot (the former headquarters of the Financial Delegations), between 3 November 1943 and 25 July 1944. On 3 June 1944, it was placed under the authority of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF), which succeeded the CFLN. Restructured and expanded after the liberation of France, it held sessions in Paris at the Palais du Luxembourg between 7 November 1944 and 3 August 1945. Background In North Africa, where most of the population had been gained at the expense of Pétain and V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Légion D’honneur
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte, it has been retained (with occasional slight alterations) by all later French governments and regimes. The order's motto is ' ("Honour and Fatherland"); its seat is the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur next to the Musée d'Orsay, on the left bank of the Seine in Paris. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction: ' (Knight), ' (Officer), ' (Commander), ' (Grand Officer) and ' (Grand Cross). History Consulate During the French Revolution, all of the French orders of chivalry were abolished and replaced with Weapons of Honour. It was the wish of Napoleon Bonaparte, the First Consul, to create a reward to commend civilians and soldiers. From this wish was instituted a , a body of men that was not an order of c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Servants' Federation
The Federal Union of State Trade Unions (french: Union fédérale des syndicats de l'État, UFSE) is a trade union federation bringing together unions representing workers in the French Civil Service. History The federation was founded in 1909 as the National Federation of Professional Associations of the State, the Departments and the Communes, then in 1919 it became the General Federation of Civil Servants' Federations. In 1946, it was re-established as the General Union of Federations of Civil Servants, and in 2017 it adopted its current name. Since 1927, it has been affiliated to the General Confederation of Labour (CGT). Affiliates As of 2020, five CGT federations are affiliated to the UFSE: * Federation of Education, Research and Culture * National Federation of Equipment and the Environment * Finance Federation * General Federation of National Police Trade Unions * National Federation of State Workers The National Federation of State Workers (french: Fédération nati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alain Le Léap
Alain Henry Hervé Joseph Le Léap (29 September 1905 – 26 December 1986) was a French trade union leader. Biography Born in Lanmeur, Le Léap studied law in Rennes. He began teaching at a boarding school, and founded a union branch there. In 1928, he became a tax inspector, and joined the relevant union, an affiliate of the General Confederation of Labour (CGT). From 1938, he worked in the union's office, and in 1939, he was elected as its general secretary. During World War II, Le Léap helped to rebuild the Civil Servants' Federation, becoming its general secretary in 1946, in which role he began working with members of the Communist Party of France (PCF). After the liberation of France, he was appointed as the commissioner of the National Council of Resistance to the Minister of Finance, and from 1947 until 1950, he served on the Economic Council. The CGT suffered a major split in 1947, with many non-communists leaving, but Le Léap remained loyal to the federatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
