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Charles Joseph Tanret
Charles Joseph Tanret (9 August 1847 in Joinville, France – 10 July 1917 in Paris) was a French pharmacist and chemist. He notably studied the chemistry of sugars, reporting his observations of the mutarotation of glucose in 1895. He also identified quebrachitol in 1887 from the bark of ''Aspidosperma quebracho''. His son Georges was also a pharmacist, specialist of plant chemistry. Georges Tanret identified an alkaloid ( galegine) from ''Galega officinalis ''Galega officinalis'', commonly known as galega or goat's-rue, is an herbaceous plant in the subfamily Faboideae of the legume family Fabaceae. It is native to parts of northern Africa, western Asia and Europe, but is widely cultivated and natu ...'' that was evaluated in clinical trials in patients with diabetes in the 1920s and 1930s.Bailey CJ, Campbell IW, Chan JCN, Davidson JA, Howlett HCS, Ritz P (eds). 2007. Metformin: the Gold Standard. A Scientific handbook; Chichester: Wiley. Chapter 1: Galegine and antidiabetic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joinville, Haute-Marne
Joinville () is a Communes of France, commune in the Haute-Marne Departments of France, department in north-eastern France. Originally spelled ''Jonivilla'' or ''Junivilla'' in Latin language, Latin, in the Middle Ages it was the site of Lordship of Joinville, an important lordship in the county of Champagne. Its medieval Castle, château-fort, which gave to members of the House of Guise their title, ''Prince de Joinville'', was demolished during the French Revolution, Revolution of 1789, but the 16th-century Château du Grand Jardin built by Claude, Duke of Guise, Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise, has been restored. Population Transport Joinville station is served by regional trains between Saint-Dizier and Chaumont station, Chaumont. Joinville Mussey Airport (ICAO code LFFJ) is a small aifield, mainly used for gliding. Twin towns – sister cities Joinville is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with: * Buckingham, United Kingdom Personalities * Jean de Joinville * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutarotation
Mutarotation is the change in the ''optical rotation'' because of the change in the equilibrium between two anomers, when the corresponding stereocenters interconvert. Cyclic sugars show mutarotation as α and β anomeric forms interconvert. The optical rotation of the solution depends on the optical rotation of each anomer and their ratio in the solution. Mutarotation was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1844, when he noticed that the specific rotation of aqueous sugar solution changes with time. Measurement The α and β anomers are diastereomers of each other and usually have different specific rotations. A solution or liquid sample of a pure α anomer will rotate plane polarised light by a different amount and/or in the opposite direction than the pure β anomer of that compound. The optical rotation of the solution depends on the optical rotation of each anomer and their ratio in the solution. For example, if a solution of β-D- glucopyranose is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quebrachitol
Quebrachitol is a naturally occurring optically active cyclitol, a cyclic polyol. It can be found in ''Allophylus edulis'' and in the serum left after the coagulation of the ''Hevea brasiliensis'' latex in the operation of rubber tapping. It is also found in ''Cannabis sativa'', in ''Paullinia pinnata'' and in seabuckthorn. It was first isolated by Tanret in 1887 from the bark of ''Aspidosperma quebracho''. The substance was tested as a sweetening agent for diabetics in 1933. It shows a sweetening property half of that of sucrose but induces colic or diarrhoea Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin wi ... at concentration used to render the food palatable. Quebrachitol is a versatile building block in the construction of naturally occurring bioactive materials. For example, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aspidosperma Quebracho
''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'', commonly known as Quebracho blanco, kebrako, or white quebracho, is a South American tree species, native to Brazil, northern Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It must not be confused with other species also known as '' quebracho'', but belonging to the genus ''Schinopsis''. Description ''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'' is an evergreen tree. It reaches 20 to 30 meters in height in the Humid Chaco, and 8 to 12 meters in the Dry Chaco. The foliage is sclerophyllous. Habitat and range ''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'' is generally found in dry deciduous forests, where it grows on clay soils. It is most common in the Gran Chaco, Humid Chaco, Argentine Espinal, and Bolivian montane dry forests ecoregions of Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. Its range extends to adjacent ecoregions, including the Uruguayan savanna, Paraná flooded savanna, Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna, Southern Andean Yungas, Cerrado, Pantanal, Central Andean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Tanret
Georges may refer to: Places *Georges River, New South Wales, Australia *Georges Quay (Dublin) *Georges Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania Other uses *Georges (name) * ''Georges'' (novel), a novel by Alexandre Dumas * "Georges" (song), a 1977 song originally recorded by Pat Simon and covered by Sylvie Vartan *Georges (store), a department store in Melbourne, Australia from 1880 to 1995 * Georges (''Green Card'' character) People with the surname * Eugenia Georges, American anthropologist *Karl Ernst Georges (1806–1895), German classical philologist and lexicographer, known for his edition of Latin-German dictionaries. See also *École secondaire Georges-P.-Vanier, a high school in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada *École secondaire Georges-Vanier in Laval, Quebec, Canada * French cruiser ''Georges Leygues'', commissioned in 1937 * French frigate ''Georges Leygues'' (D640), commissioned in 1979 *George (other) *Georges Creek (other) *Georges Creek Coal and Iron Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galegine
Galegine is a toxic chemical compound that has been isolated from Goat's rue (''Galega officinalis''). It has also been found to be the principal cause of the toxicity of poison sedge (''Schoenus asperocarpus''). Galegine was used in the 1920s as a pharmaceutical treatment for diabetes; however, because of its toxicity, its use was soon supplanted by superior alternatives. Research on galegine eventually led to the development of metformin which is used today for treatment of type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urinatio .... See also * Nitensidine D References {{reflist Guanidine alkaloids Plant toxins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galega Officinalis
''Galega officinalis'', commonly known as galega or goat's-rue, is an herbaceous plant in the subfamily Faboideae of the legume family Fabaceae. It is native to parts of northern Africa, western Asia and Europe, but is widely cultivated and naturalised elsewhere. The plant has been extensively cultivated as a forage crop, an ornamental, a bee plant, and as green manure. ''G. officinalis'' is rich in galegine, a substance with blood glucose-lowering activity and the foundation for the discovery of metformin, Italian fitch, a treatment for managing symptoms of diabetes mellitus. In ancient herbalism, goat's-rue was used as a diuretic. It can be poisonous to mammals, but is a food for various insects. Etymology The English name "goat's-rue" is a translation of the Latin ''Ruta capraria'', used for the plant in 1554 when it was considered to be related to ''Ruta graveolens'', or common rue. The Latin specific epithet ''officinalis'' refers to plants with some medicinal, culinary or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
19th-century French Chemists
The 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 ( MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 ( MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolished in much of Europe and the Americas. The First Industrial Revolution, though it began in the late 18th century, expanding beyond its British homeland for the first time during this century, particularly remaking the economies and societies of the Low Countries, the Rhineland, Northern Italy, and the Northeastern United States. A few decades later, the Second Industrial Revolution led to ever more massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit, and prosperity, a pattern that continued into the 20th century. The Islamic gunpowder empires fell into decline and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and almost all of Africa under colonial rule. It was also marked by the collapse of the large S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1847 Births
Events January–March * January 4 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U.S. government. * January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends fighting in the Mexican–American War in California. * January 16 – John C. Frémont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory. * January 17 – St. Anthony Hall fraternity is founded at Columbia University, New York City. * January 30 – Yerba Buena, California, is renamed San Francisco. * February 5 – A rescue effort, called the First Relief, leaves Johnson's Ranch to save the ill-fated Donner Party (California-bound emigrants who became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada earlier this winter; some have resorted to survival by cannibalism). * February 22 – Mexican–American War: Battle of Buena Vista – 5,000 American troops under General Zachary Taylor use their superiority in artillery to drive off 15,000 Mexican troops under Antonio López de Santa Anna, defeating the Mexicans the next da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1917 Deaths
Events Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 9 – WWI – Battle of Rafa: The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's Desert Column. * January 10 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: Seven survivors of the Ross Sea party were rescued after being stranded for several months. * January 11 – Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland (modern-day Lyndhurst, New Jersey), one of the events leading to United States involvement in WWI. * January 16 – The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million. * January 22 – WWI: United States President Woodrow Wilson calls for "peace without victory" in Germany. * January 25 ** WWI: British armed merchantman is sunk by mines off Lough Swilly (Ireland), with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard. ** An anti-prostitution drive in San Francisco occurs, and police ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
