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Chandlerella Quiscali
''Chandlerella quiscali'', also known as the Grackle nematode, is a species of filarial nematode that parasitizes the brain of several common North American birds, namely the grackle, blue jay, brown cowbird, and starling. Due to the large area covered by the combined habitats of these bird species, ''Chandlerella quiscali'' is found throughout North America. This area diversity is further aided by the fact that 98% of grackles possess this parasite, and grackles are consistently found in various North American locations. History This species was originally called the ''Filaria quiscali'' by its discoverer, von Linstow (1904), due to pieces of the posterior ends of females removed from the area under the pia mater of the cerebrum in grackle. In 1960, this worm was incorrectly placed in the genus '' Splendidofilaria'' by Odetoyinbo and Ulmer. Due to the fact that its esophagus and cuticle don't match those of this particular genus, it had to then be removed from this group. Anderso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motility, able to move, can Sexual reproduction, reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of Cell (biology), cells, the blastula, during Embryogenesis, embryonic development. Over 1.5 million Extant taxon, living animal species have been Species description, described—of which around 1 million are Insecta, insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have Ecology, complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a Symmetry in biology#Bilate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with Arthropod, arthropods, Tardigrade, tardigrades and other moulting animalia, animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike platyhelminthe, flatworms, have tubular digestion, digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromadorea
The Chromadorea are a class of the roundworm phylum, Nematoda. They contain a single subclass (Chromadoria) and several orders. With such a redundant arrangement, the Chromadoria are liable to be divided if the orders are found to form several clades, or abandoned if they are found to constitute a single radiation. Formerly, they were treated as a subclass in the paraphyletic "Adenophorea" assemblage, which has been mostly abandoned by modern authors. It is also suspected that the Chromadorea may not be monophyletic as delimited here; at least the Monhysterida seem to be a distinct and far more ancient lineage than the rest. Members of this class' bodies usually have annules, their amphids elaborate and spiral, and they all have three esophageal glands. They usually live in marine sediments, although they can live elsewhere. They have a more sophisticated pharynx than most roundworms. Members of this class can be identified by the presence of eight conserved signature indels (C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiruria
Subclass Spiruria comprises mostly parasitic secernentean nematodes. In an alternate classification, they are treated as suborder Spirurina, with the orders listed here being ranked as infraorders. The Ascaridida and the Oxyurida, which include worms that infect many mammals (including marine mammals), are sometimes placed in subclass Rhabditia. But that seems as spurious as the erstwhile placement of the Rhigonematida in subclass Tylenchia. The Camallanida and Drilonematida are sometimes included in the Spirurida as suborder and superfamily, respectively.ToL (2002) Some important species *Giant roundworm (''Ascaris lumbricoides''), causes ascariasis in humans *''Toxocara canis'', parasite of dogs *''Anisakis'', responsible for the human disease Anisakiasis ''Anisakis'' (a·nuh·saa·keez) is a genus of parasitic nematodes that have life cycles involving fish and marine mammals. They are infective to humans and cause anisakiasis. People who produce immunoglobulin E in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirurida
Spirurida is an order of spirurian nematodes. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system. Some Spirurida, like the genus ''Gongylonema'', can cause disease in humans. One such disease is a skin infection with Spirurida larvae, called "creeping disease". Some species are known as eyeworms and infect the orbital cavity of animal hosts. Systematics The Camallanida are sometimes included herein as a suborder, and the Drilonematida are sometimes placed here as a superfamily. There are doubts about the internal systematics of the Spirurida, and some groups placed herein might belong to other spirurian or even secernentean lineages.ToL (2002) The following superfamilies are at least provisionally placed in the Spirurida: * Acuarioidea * Aproctoidea * Diplotriaenoidea * Filarioidea * Gnathostomatoidea * Habronematoidea * Physalopteroidea * Rictularioidea * Spiruroidea * Thelazioidea Thelazioidea is a superfamily of spirurian nematodes in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filarioidea
The Filarioidea are a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of highly Generalist and specialist species, specialised Parasitism, parasitic nematodes. Species within this superfamily are known as filarial worms or filariae (singular filaria). Infections with parasitic filarial worms cause disease conditions generically known as filariasis. Drugs against these worms are known as filaricides. Introduction Filarioidea all are Generalist and specialist species, specialised parasites and the Host (biology), definitive host is always a vertebrate, a mammal, bird, reptile or amphibian, but ''not'' a fish. The Host (biology), intermediate host is always an arthropod. Most of Filarioidea parasitise wild species, birds in particular, but some, especially in the family Onchocercidae, attack mammals, including humans and some domestic animals. Conditions that result from parasitism by Onchocercidae include some of the most troublesome diseases of the warmer regions, including Onchocerciasis, river blin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Onchocercidae
The Onchocercidae are a family of nematodes in the superfamily Filarioidea. This family includes some of the most devastating human parasitic diseases, such as lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, and other filariases. Representative genera and species The taxonomy of nematodes in the order Spirurida is still in a state of flux, and the family Onchocercidae contains around 70–80 genera. The following genera are included in the family Onchocercidae in the Wikispecies project and thEntrez Taxonomy Browser The latter is the taxonomic system used in the NCBI family of databases, including PubMed. *''Acanthocheilonema'' **''Acanthocheilonema viteae'' (parasite of gerbils in Eastern Europe, Iran, and North Africa) **''Acanthocheilonema reconditum'' (parasite of dogs) *''Brugia'' **''Brugia malayi'' (one cause of filariasis in humans) **'' Brugia pahangi'' (parasite of domestic cats and wild animals) **'' Brugia timori'' (cause of "timor filariasis" in humans) *'' Breinl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chandlerella
''Chandlerella'' is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Onchocercidae. The species of this genus are found in Malesia and Northern America. Species: *''Chandlerella bosei'' *''Chandlerella hispanica'' *''Chandlerella quiscali'' *''Chandlerella sinensis'' *''Chandlerella stantschinskyi ''Chandlerella'' is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Onchocercidae. The species of this genus are found in Malesia and Northern America. Species: *''Chandlerella bosei'' *''Chandlerella hispanica'' *''Chandlerella quiscali'' *''C ...'' References Nematodes {{rhabditida-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filaria
''Filaria'' is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Filariidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext .... Species: *'' Filaria acutiuscula'' *'' Filaria bufonis'' *'' Filaria loliginis'' *'' Filaria martis'' *'' Filaria piscium'' *'' Filaria smithi'' *'' Filaria terebra'' *'' Filaria tuberculata'' *'' Filaria volvulans'' *'' Filaria volvulas'' *'' Filaria volvulus'' *'' Filaria volvulxus'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q18596041 Nematodes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grackle
Grackles is the common name of any of 11 passerine birds (10 extant and one extinct) native to North and South America. They belong to various genera in the icterid family. In all the species with this name, adult males have black or mostly black plumage. Baby birds like to feed by screeching. * Genus ''Quiscalus'' ** Boat-tailed grackle, ''Quiscalus major'' ** Common grackle, ''Quiscalus quiscula'' ** Great-tailed grackle, ''Quiscalus mexicanus'' ** Nicaraguan grackle, ''Quiscalus nicaraguensis'' ** Greater Antillean grackle, ''Quiscalus niger'' ** Carib grackle, ''Quiscalus lugubris'' ** Slender-billed grackle, ''Quiscalus palustris'' - extinct (1910) * Genus '' Hypopyrrhus'' ** Red-bellied grackle, ''Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster'' * Genus '' Lampropsar'' ** Velvet-fronted grackle, ''Lampropsar tanagrinus'' * Genus '' Macroagelaius'' ** Golden-tufted grackle, ''Macroagelaius imthurni'' ** Colombian mountain grackle, ''Macroagelaius subalaris'' Sometimes members of the starli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blue Jay
The blue jay (''Cyanocitta cristata'') is a passerine bird in the family Corvidae, native to eastern North America. It lives in most of the eastern and central United States; some eastern populations may be migratory. Resident populations are also in Newfoundland, Canada; breeding populations are found across southern Canada. It breeds in both deciduous and coniferous forests, and is common in residential areas. Its coloration is predominantly blue, with a white chest and underparts, and a blue crest; it has a black, U-shaped collar around its neck and a black border behind the crest. Males and females are similar in size and plumage, and plumage does not vary throughout the year. Four subspecies have been recognized. The blue jay feeds mainly on seeds and nuts, such as acorns, which it may hide to eat later; soft fruits; arthropods; and occasionally small vertebrates. It typically gleans food from trees, shrubs, and the ground, and sometimes hawks insects from the air. Blue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cowbird
Cowbirds are birds belonging to the genus ''Molothrus'' in the family Icteridae. They are of New World origin, and are obligate brood parasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other species. The genus was introduced by English naturalist William John Swainson in 1832 with the brown-headed cowbird (''Molothrus ater'') as the type species. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek , meaning "struggle" or "battle", with , meaning "to sire" or "to impregnate". Species The genus contains six species: One extinct species, the Talara cowbird (''Molothrus resinosus''), is known from fossil remains recovered from the Talara Tar Seeps of northwestern Peru, and likely went extinct during the late Quaternary. It may have been a close associate of Pleistocene megafauna communities, and may have gone extinct following their collapse in populations. The nonparasitic baywings were formerly placed in this genus; they are now classified as ''Agelaioides''. Behavior Cowbirds are insectivo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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