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Cerrado Languages
The Cerrado languages (also referred to as Amazonian Jê) are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by the Goyaz Jê languages and Akuwẽ (Central Jê). Sound changes from Proto-Jê to Proto-Cerrado The occurrence of the consonant */g/ in Proto-Cerrado (as in ''*/g/õt'' ‘to sleep’, ''*/g/õ'' ‘to give’, ''*/g/aj’'' ‘you’) is believed to be an innovation; it has been claimed to have been inserted in onsetless stressed syllables. The Proto-Cerrado diphthongs ''*wa'' and ''*ja'' are believed to continue Proto-Jê monophthongs, which have been reconstructed as ''*ô'' and ''*ê₂''. Other vowels which have been claimed to have innovated in Proto-Cerrado are: *''*ô'' (goes back to an unrounded vowel, reconstructed as Proto-Jê ''*ə̂₁''); *''*u'' (a merger of earlier ''*u₁'' and ''*u₂'', distinguished in the Southern Jê languages as ''o'' and ''u'', respectively); *''*ũ'' (a merger of earlier ''*ũ₁'' and ''*ũ₂'', distinguished as ''ũ'' and '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mato Grosso
Mato Grosso ( – lit. "Thick Bush") is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.9% of the Brazilian GDP. Neighboring states (from west clockwise) are: Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. The state is roughly 82.2% of the size of its southwest neighbor, the nation of Bolivia. A state with a flat landscape that alternates between vast ''chapadas'' and plain areas, Mato Grosso contains three main ecosystems: the Cerrado, the Pantanal and the Amazon rainforest. The Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, with caves, grottoes, tracks, and waterfalls, is one of its tourist attractions. The extreme northwest of the state has a small part of the Amazonian forest. The Xingu Indigenous Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso. Farther south, the Pantanal, the world's largest wetland, is the habitat for nearly one thousand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
São Paulo (state)
São Paulo () is one of the Federative units of Brazil, 26 states of the Brazil, Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Paul of Tarsus, Saint Paul of Tarsus. A major industrial complex, the state has 21.9% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 33.9% of Brazil's GDP. São Paulo also has the List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index, second-highest Human Development Index (HDI) and GDP per capita, the List of Brazilian states by infant mortality, fourth-lowest infant mortality rate, the List of Brazilian states by life expectancy, third-highest life expectancy, and the List of Brazilian states by literacy rate, third-lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil. São Paulo alone is wealthier than Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia combined. São Paulo is also the world's twenty-eighth-most populous Administrative division, sub-national entity and the most populous sub-national entity in the Americas. With more than 4 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaingang Language
The Kaingang language (also spelled Kaingáng) is a Southern Jê language ( Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken by the Kaingang people of southern Brazil. The Kaingang nation has about 30,000 people, and about from 60% to 65% speak the language. Most also speak Portuguese. Overview The Kaingang language is a member of the Jê family, the largest language family in the Macro-Jê stock. The Kaingang territory occupies the modern states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (and, until the beginning of the 20th century, Misiones, Argentina). Today they live in around 30 indigenous lands (similar to Native American reservations), especially at Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná. In the 1960s, because of a missionary interest (conducted by the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL)), the language was studied by Ursula Wiesemann. Names The Kaingang and Xokleng were previously considered a single ethnicity, which went by a number of names, including ''Amhó, Dorin, Gualachi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Jê Languages
The Southern Jê languages are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by the Kaingang The Kaingang (also spelled ''caingangue'' in Portuguese or ''kanhgág'' in the Kaingang language) people are an Indigenous Brazilian ethnic group spread out over the three southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande ... and Laklãnõ (Xokléng) languages. Together with the closely related Ingain, they form the Paraná Jê branch of the Jê family. References Jê languages Languages of Brazil {{Macro-Jê-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Jê Languages
The Akuwẽ or Central Jê languages are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by two extant languages ( Xavánte and Akwẽ-Xerénte) and two extinct or dormant, scarcely attested languages ( Xakriabá and Acroá). Together with the Goyaz Jê languages, they form the Cerrado branch of the Jê family. Phonology The Akuwẽ languages share a number of characteristic innovations, such as the ''Akuwẽ/Central Jê vowel shift'', the sound change ''*ka- > *wa-'', and the ''occlusive merger'', which distinguish them clearly from all other Jê languages. A characteristic feature of the Akuwẽ languages is the existence of complex allomorphy patterns whereby the choice of the allomorph is conditioned by the position of the word within a syntagm (i.e. whether the word is in the middle or in the end of a syntagm). It has been suggested that it is possible to derive both allomorphs (those that occur syntagm-internally and those that occut syntagm-finally) from uniform underlying re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goyaz Jê Languages
The Goyaz Jê languages (also Northern Jê–Panará) are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by the Northern Jê languages and Panará (and its predecessor Southern Kayapó). Together with the Akuwẽ (Central Jê) languages, they form the Cerrado branch of the Jê family. Phonology Onsets The consonantal inventory of Proto-Goyaz Jê is almost identical to that of Proto-Northern Jê, differing from it in that it had no contrast between ''*ĵ'' and ''*j'' and lacked the phoneme */w/. Proto-Goyaz Jê did have the sounds ''*ĵ'' and ''*j'', but they occurred in a complementary distribution at that stage (in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively). In Proto-Northern Jê, words with */w/ and */j/ (in stressed syllables) have been introduced from unknown sources (possibly via borrowings), as in ''*wet'' ‘lizard’, ''*wewe'' ‘butterfly’, or ''*jət'' ‘sweet potato’. In Proto-Goyaz Jê, underlying nasals acquired an oral phrase preceding an oral nucleus (t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jê Languages
The Jê languages (also spelled Gê, Jean, Ye, Gean), or Jê–Kaingang languages, are spoken by the Jê, a group of indigenous peoples in Brazil. Genetic relations The Jê family forms the core of the Macro-Jê family. Kaufman (1990) finds the proposal convincing. Family division According to Ethnologue (which omits Jeikó), the language family is as follows: * Jeikó (†) * Northern Jê ** Apinayé (2,300 speakers) ** Mẽbengokre (Kayapó) (8,638 speakers) ** Panará (Kreen Akarore) (380 speakers) ** Suyá (350 speakers) ** Timbira (Canela-Krayô, with the Canela and Kreye dialects) (5,100 speakers) * Central Jê ** Acroá (†) ** Xavante (9,600 speakers) ** Xerente (1,810 speakers) ** Xakriabá (†) * Southern Jê ** Xokleng (760 speakers) ** Kaingáng *** Kaingáng (18,000 speakers) *** São Paulo Kaingáng (†) *** Ingain (†) *** Guayana (†) Ramirez (2015) Internal classification of the Jê languages according to Ramirez, et al. (2015): ;Jê *Sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macro-Jê Languages
Macro-Jê (also spelled Macro-Gê) is a medium-sized language stock in South America, mostly in Brazil but also in the Chiquitanía region in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, as well as (formerly) in small parts of Argentina and Paraguay. It is centered on the Jê language family, with most other branches currently being single languages due to recent extinctions. Families The Macro-Jê family was first proposed in 1926, and has undergone moderate modifications since then. Kaufman (1990) finds the proposal "probable". * Jê * Jeikó † * Krenák (Botocudo) ** Krenak (10 speakers) * Borôroan **Bororo ***Bororo (1,400 speakers) *** Umotína † ** Otuke † * Kamakã † *Karajá (2,700 speakers) * Karirí † * Maxakalían * Ofayé (2 speakers) * Purían † * Rikbaktsá * Yabutian oribund Eduardo Ribeiro of the University of Chicago finds no evidence to classify Fulniô (Yatê) and Guató as Macro-Jê, ''pace'' Kaufman, nor Otí, ''pace'' Greenberg. Ribeiro does include Chiquitano, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mato Grosso Do Sul
Mato Grosso do Sul () is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil. Neighboring Brazilian states are (from north clockwise) Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay, to the southwest, and Bolivia, to the west. The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and cattle-raising. Crossed in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn, Mato Grosso do Sul generally has a warm, sometimes hot, and humid climate, and is crossed by numerous tributaries of the Paraná River. The state has 1.3% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.5% of the Brazilian GDP. The state is also known for its natural environment, and is a destination for domestic and international tourism. The Pantanal lowlands cover 12 municipalities and presents a variety of flora and fauna, with forests, natural sand banks, savannahs, open pasture, fields and bushes. The city Bonito, in the mountain of Bodoquena, has prehistoric caves, natural river ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tocantins
Tocantins () is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is the newest state, formed in 1988 and encompassing what had formerly been the northern two-fifths of the state of Goiás. Tocantins covers and had an estimated population of 1,496,880 in 2014. Construction of its capital, Palmas, began in 1989; most of the other cities in the state date to the Portuguese colonial period. With the exception of Araguaína, there are few other cities with a significant population in the state. The government has invested in a new capital, a major hydropower dam, railroads and related infrastructure to develop this primarily agricultural area. The state has 0.75% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 0.5% of the Brazilian GDP. Tocantins has attracted hundreds of thousands of new residents, primarily to Palmas. It is building on its hydropower resources. The Araguaia and Tocantins rivers drain the largest watershed that lies entirely inside Brazilian territory. The Rio Tocantins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goiás
Goiás () is a Brazilian state located in the Center-West region. Goiás borders the Federal District and the states of (from north clockwise) Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The state capital is Goiânia. With 7.2 million inhabitants, Goiás is the most populous state in the Center-West and the 11th most populous in the country. It has the ninth largest economy among Brazilian federative units. In Brazil's geoeconomic division, Goiás belongs to the Centro-Sul (Center-South), being the northernmost state of the southern portion of Brazil. The state has 3.3% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 2.7% of the Brazilian GDP. The history of Goiás dates back to the beginning of the 18th century, with the arrival of pioneers from São Paulo. The Rio Vermelho region was the first to be occupied, where Vila Boa (later renamed Goiás) was founded. The development and settlement of the state took place, in a more intensified way, start ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literally "Beautiful Horizon"), is a major urban and finance center in Latin America, and the sixth largest municipality in Brazil, after the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Brasília and Fortaleza, but its metropolitan area is the third largest in Brazil with just over 5.8 million inhabitants, after those of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Nine Brazilian presidents were born in Minas Gerais, the most of any state. The state has 10.1% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 8.7% of the Brazilian GDP. With an area of —larger than Metropolitan France—it is the fourth most extensive state in Brazil. The main producer of coffee and milk in the country, Minas Gerais is known for its heritage of architecture and colonia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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