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Cardiovirus
Cardiovirus are a group of viruses within order ''Picornavirales'', family ''Picornaviridae''. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts for these viruses. Taxonomy There are currently six species in the genus: * '' Cardiovirus A'' * '' Cardiovirus B'' * '' Cardiovirus C'' * '' Cardiovirus D'' * '' Cardiovirus E'' * '' Cardiovirus F'' ''Cardiovirus A'' is composed of only one serotype, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). ''Cardiovirus B'' consists of four viruses that are most probably serologically distinct. These are Theiler's Murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), Vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus (VHEV), a Theiler-like rat virus (TRV) (which has yet to be named) and Saffold virus (SAF-V). Of these 4, only VHEV and SAF-V are thought to cause infection in humans. Thus far, ''Cardiovirus C'' has only been observed in the brown rat. Structure Cardioviruses are single-stranded RNA, non-enveloped viruses with icosahedral or spherical geometries, and a T=pseudo3 icosahedral capsid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saffold Virus
Saffold virus (SAFV) is a single-stranded RNA human virus belonging to the family ''Picornaviridae''. Discovered in 2007, it is the first human virus in the genus ''Cardiovirus'' and may provide a link to the development of multiple sclerosis or other serious diseases in humans. The Saffold virus was previously a member of the Theilovirus species but was re-classified in 2019 as an isolate of the species ''Cardiovirus D''. It has shown to affect the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory systems, and is found to be present early in life. Discovery SAFV was discovered by Morris S. Jones in 2007 while working at the David Grant USAF Medical Center in the United States. The virus was isolated from a stool sample taken in November 1981 from an 8-month-old female with fever of unknown origin. This is the first human virus in the genus ''Cardiovirus''. Found to occur in high prevalence (>90%) among humans, by analogy SAFV may have effects similar to those observed in mouse TMEV-ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theiler's Encephalomyelitis Virus
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a single-stranded RNA murine cardiovirus from the family ''Picornaviridae''. It has been used as a mouse model for studying virally induced paralysis, as well as encephalomyelitis comparable to multiple sclerosis. Depending on the mouse and viral strain, viral pathogenesis can range from negligible, to chronic or acute encephalomyelitis. Discovery The virus was discovered by virologist Max Theiler in 1937 while working at the Rockefeller Institute. Theiler discovered the encephalomyelitis virus during research on poliovirus-like paralysis symptoms in mice. That year Theiler had completed work on developing a vaccine for yellow fever, for which he is best known; in 1951 he received the Nobel Prize for that achievement. Strains The several different strains of TMEV are characterized by their pathology as well as genetic sequencing and proteomics. The two major groups are listed below; there are several other strains in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardiovirus Cis-acting Replication Element (CRE)
This family represents a Cardiovirus cis-acting replication element (CRE) which is located within the region encoding the capsid protein VP2 and is required for viral replication. See also * Citrus tristeza virus replication signal * Rubella virus 3' cis-acting element Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild, with half of people not realizing that they are infected. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and ... References External links * Cis-regulatory RNA elements Cardioviruses {{molecular-cell-biology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elephant
Elephants are the largest existing land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. They are the only surviving members of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. The order was formerly much more diverse during the Pleistocene, but most species became extinct during the Late Pleistocene epoch. Distinctive features of elephants include a long proboscis called a trunk, tusks, large ear flaps, pillar-like legs, and tough but sensitive skin. The trunk is used for breathing, bringing food and water to the mouth, and grasping objects. Tusks, which are derived from the incisor teeth, serve both as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. The large ear flaps assist in maintaining a constant body temperature as well as in communication. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs, whereas Asian elephants have smaller ears, and convex or level backs. Elepha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transmission Electron Micrograph
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device. Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy is a major analytical method i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyadenylation Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA). The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process t |
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