Caragana Sinica
''Caragana sinica'' () is a species belonging to the genus ''Caragana''. ''Caragana sinica'' is known to produce the stilbenoid trimers α-viniferin, showing acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, and miyabenol C, a protein kinase C inhibitorNaturally Occurring Protein Kinase C Inhibitors; II. Isolation of Oligomeric Stilbenes from Caragana sinica. Palaniappan Kulanthaivel, William P. Janzen, Lawrence M. Ballas, Jack B. Jiang, Chang-Qi Hu, James W. Darges, Jan C. Seldin, Divann J. Cofield and Laurel M. Adams, Planta Med, 1995, 61(1), pages 41-44, and two stilbene tetramers kobophenol A Kobophenol A is a stilbenoid. It is a tetramer of resveratrol. It can be isolated from '' Caragana chamlagu'',

Plant
Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria). By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin name for "green plants") which is sister of the Glaucophyta, and consists of the green algae and Embryophyta (land plants). The latter includes the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns and their allies, hornworts, liverworts, and mosses. Most plants are multicellular organisms. Green plants obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis by primary chloroplasts that are derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. Their chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and b, which gives them their green color. Some plants are parasitic or mycotrophic and have lost the ...
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Angiosperms
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants that produce their seeds enclosed within a fruit. They are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders, 416 families, approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species. Angiosperms were formerly called Magnoliophyta (). Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants. They are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within their seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from the common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. The closest fossil relatives of flowering plants are uncertain and contentious. The earliest angiosperm fossils are in the ...
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Eudicots
The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons. Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots by previous authors. The botanical terms were introduced in 1991 by evolutionary botanist James A. Doyle and paleobotanist Carol L. Hotton to emphasize the later evolutionary divergence of tricolpate dicots from earlier, less specialized, dicots. Numerous familiar plants are eudicots, including many common food plants, trees, and ornamentals. Some common and familiar eudicots include sunflower, dandelion, forget-me-not, cabbage, apple, buttercup, maple, and macadamia. Most leafy trees of midlatitudes also belong to eudicots, with notable exceptions being magnolias and tulip trees which belong to magnoliids, and ''Ginkgo biloba'', which is not an angiosperm. Description The close relationships among flowering plants with tricolpat ...
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Rosids
The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classification. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 families. Fossil rosids are known from the Cretaceous period. Molecular clock estimates indicate that the rosids originated in the Aptian or Albian stages of the Cretaceous, between 125 and 99.6 million years ago. Today's forests are highly dominated by rosid species, which in turn helped with diversification in many other living lineages. Additionally, rosid herbs and shrubs are also a significant part of arctic/alpine, temperate floras, aquatics, desert plants, and parasites. Name The name is based upon the name "Rosidae", which had usually been understood to be a subclass. In 1967, Armen Takhtajan showed that the correct basis for the name "Rosidae" is a description of a group of ...
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Fabales
The Fabales are an order (biology), order of flowering plants included in the Rosids, rosid group of the eudicots in the APG II system, Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. In the APG II circumscription, this order includes the families Fabaceae or legumes (including the subfamilies Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Faboideae), Quillajaceae, Polygalaceae or milkworts (including the families Diclidantheraceae, Moutabeaceae, and Xanthophyllaceae), and Surianaceae. Under the Cronquist system and some other plant classification systems, the order Fabales contains only the family Fabaceae. In the classification system of Rolf Dahlgren, Dahlgren the Fabales were in the superorder Fabiflorae (also called Fabanae) with three families corresponding to the subfamilies of Fabaceae in APG II. The other families treated in the Fabales by the APG II classification were placed in separate orders by Cronquist, the Polygalaceae within its own order, the Polygalales, and the Quill ...
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Fabaceae
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.
Article 18.5 states: "The following names, of long usage, are treated as validly published: ....Leguminosae (nom. alt.: Fabaceae; type: Faba Mill. Vicia L.; ... When the Papilionaceae are regarded as a family distinct from the remainder of the Leguminosae, the name Papilionaceae is conserved against Leguminosae." English pronunciations are as follows: , and . commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and agriculturally important of

Caragana
''Caragana'' is a genus of about 80–100 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to Asia and eastern Europe. They are shrubs or small trees growing tall. They have even-pinnate leaves with small leaflets, and solitary or clustered mostly yellow (rarely white or pink) flowers and bearing seeds in a linear pod. ''Caragana'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including dark dagger. Sections and species Section ''Bracteolatae'' *'' Caragana ambigua'' Stocks *'' Caragana bicolor'' Kom. *'' Caragana brevispina'' Royle ex Benth. *''Caragana conferta'' Benth. ex Baker *'' Caragana franchetiana'' Kom. *'' Caragana gerardiana'' Royle ex Benth. *'' Caragana jubata'' (Pall.) Poir. *''Caragana sukiensis'' C.K.Schneid. *''Caragana tibetica'' (Maxim. ex C.K. Schneid.) Kom. Section ''Caragana'' *''Caragana arborescens'' Lam. *''Caragana boisii'' C.K.Schneid. *''Caragana bungei'' Ledeb. *''Caragana korshinskii'' Kom. *''Caragan ...
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Alpha-viniferin
α-Viniferin is a stilbene trimer. It can be isolated from ''Caragana chamlagu'' and from '' Caragana sinica'' and from the stem bark of ''Dryobalanops aromatica''. It is also present in relation to resistance to ''Botrytis cinerea'' and ''Plasmopara viticola'' in ''Vitis vinifera'' and ''Vitis riparia''.Disease resistance of Vitis spp. and the production of the stress metabolites resveratrol, epsilon -viniferin, alpha -viniferin and pterostilbene. Langcake P, Physiological Plant Pathology, 1981, Vol. 18, No. 2, pages 213-226abstract) It has been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7; systematic name acetylcholine acetylhydrolase), also known as AChE, AChase or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that a .... References Resveratrol oligomers Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors {{Aromatic-stub ...
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Miyabenol C
Miyabenol C is a stilbenoid. It is a resveratrol trimer. It is found in ''Vitis vinifera'' (grape), in Foeniculi fructus (fruit of ''Foeniculum vulgare Fennel (''Foeniculum vulgare'') is a flowering plant species in the carrot family. It is a hardy, perennial herb with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It is indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean but has become widely naturalize ...''), in '' Caragana sinica''. It shows protein kinase C inhibitor activity. Foeniculoside I is a glucoside of cis-miyabenol C. References External links Miyabenol C at www.plant-expert.com Resveratrol oligomers Natural phenol trimers Protein kinase inhibitors Grape {{aromatic-stub ...
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Protein Kinase C
In cell biology, Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family. PKC enzymes in turn are activated by signals such as increases in the concentration of diacylglycerol (DAG) or calcium ions (Ca2+). Hence PKC enzymes play important roles in several signal transduction cascades. In biochemistry, the PKC family consists of fifteen isozymes in humans. They are divided into three subfamilies, based on their second messenger requirements: conventional (or classical), novel, and atypical. Conventional (c)PKCs contain the isoforms α, βI, βII, and γ. These require Ca2+, DAG, and a phospholipid such as phosphatidylserine for activation. Novel (n)PKCs include the δ, ε, η, and θ isoforms, and require DAG, but do not require Ca2+ for ...
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Kobophenol A
Kobophenol A is a stilbenoid. It is a tetramer of resveratrol. It can be isolated from '' Caragana chamlagu'',(+)-α-Viniferin, a Stilbene Trimer from Caragana chamlague, Inhibits Acetylcholinesterase. Sang Hyun Sung, So Young Kang, Ki Yong Lee, Mi Jung Park, Jeong Hun Kim, Jong Hee Park, Young Chul Kim, Jinwoong Kim and Young Choong Kim, Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol. 25, 2002
from '' Caragana sinica''
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Carasinol B
Carasinol B is a stilbenoid tetramer found in ''Caragana sinica'' (Chinese : Jin Que-gen). Acid-catalyzed epimerization of kobophenol A Kobophenol A is a stilbenoid. It is a tetramer of resveratrol. It can be isolated from '' Caragana chamlagu'',