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Cangitoxin
Cangitoxin, also known as CGTX or CGX, is a toxin purified from the venom of the sea anemone ''Bunodosoma cangicum'', which most likely acts by prolonging the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV channels). Sources Cangitoxin is a polypeptide isolated from the venom of ''Bunodosoma cangicum'', a common sea anemone species found in the intertidal zone during low tides on the coastal reefs of the Brazilian seashore. Chemistry Structure Cangitoxin belongs to the type 1 class sea anemone toxins, consisting of long polypeptides with short anti-parallel β–sheets and three disulfide bonds. Cangitoxin is a 4958 Da peptide, with the primary structure GVACRCDSDGPTVRGNSLSGTLWLTGGCPSGWHNCRGSGPFIGYCCKK and disulfide bonds Cys4-Cys45, Cys6-Cys35, and Cys28-Cys46. It contains 48 amino acid residues. Substitution of the 16th amino acid, asparagine (N), into an aspartic acid (D) is named cangitoxin-II (CGTX-II). Cangitoxin-III (CGTX-III) contains in addition to the previous subst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sea Anemone Neurotoxin
Sea anemone neurotoxin is the name given to neurotoxins produced by sea anemones with related structure and function. Sea anemone neurotoxins can be divided in two functional groups that either specifically target the sodium channel or the potassium channel. A number of proteins belong to the sodium channel toxin family, including ''calitoxin'' and '' anthopleurin''. The neurotoxins bind specifically to the sodium channel, thereby delaying its inactivation during signal transduction, resulting in strong stimulation of mammalian cardiac muscle contraction. Calitoxin 1 has been found in neuromuscular preparations of crustaceans, where it increases transmitter release, causing firing of the axons. Three disulfide bonds are present in this protein. This family also includes the antihypertensive and antiviral proteins BDS-I () and BDS-II () expressed by '' Anemonia viridis'' (previously '' Anemonia sulcata)''. BDS-I is organised into a triple-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, with a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sea Anemone
Sea anemones are a group of predation, predatory marine invertebrates of the order (biology), order Actiniaria. Because of their colourful appearance, they are named after the ''Anemone'', a terrestrial flowering plant. Sea anemones are classified in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, subclass Hexacorallia. As cnidarians, sea anemones are related to corals, jellyfish, tube-dwelling anemones, and ''hydra (genus), Hydra''. Unlike jellyfish, sea anemones do not have a Jellyfish#Life history and behavior, medusa stage in their life cycle. A typical sea anemone is a single polyp (zoology), polyp attached to a hard surface by its base, but some species live in soft sediment, and a few float near the surface of the water. The polyp has a columnar trunk topped by an oral disc with a ring of tentacles and a central mouth. The tentacles can be retracted inside the body cavity or expanded to catch passing prey. They are armed with cnidocytes (stinging cells). In many species, additional n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunodosoma
''Bunodosoma'' is a genus of sea anemones in the family Actiniidae Actiniidae is the largest family of sea anemones, to which most common, temperate, shore species belong. Most members of this family do not participate in symbioses with fishes. Three exceptions are the bubble-tip anemone (with anemonefish and .... Species Species in the genus include: * '' Bunodosoma biscayense'' (Fischer, 1874) * '' Bunodosoma caissarum'' Corrêa in Belém, 1987 * '' Bunodosoma californicum'' Carlgren, 1951 * '' Bunodosoma cangicum'' Belém & Preslercravo, 1973 * Knobbly anemone (''Bunodosoma capense'' (Lesson, 1830)) * '' Bunodosoma cavernatum'' (Bosc, 1802) * '' Bunodosoma diadema'' (Drayton in Dana, 1846) * '' Bunodosoma fallax'' (Pax, 1922) * '' Bunodosoma goanense'' den Hartog & Vennam, 1993 * '' Bunodosoma grande'' (Verrill, 1869) * '' Bunodosoma granuliferum'' (Le Sueur, 1817 * '' Bunodosoma kuekenthali'' Pax, 1910 * '' Bunodosoma sphaerulatum'' Duerden, 1902 References Acti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunodosoma Caissarum
''Bunodosoma'' is a genus of sea anemones in the family Actiniidae. Species Species in the genus include: * '' Bunodosoma biscayense'' (Fischer, 1874) * '' Bunodosoma caissarum'' Corrêa in Belém, 1987 * '' Bunodosoma californicum'' Carlgren, 1951 * ''Bunodosoma cangicum'' Belém & Preslercravo, 1973 * Knobbly anemone (''Bunodosoma capense'' (Lesson, 1830)) * '' Bunodosoma cavernatum'' (Bosc, 1802) * ''Bunodosoma diadema'' (Drayton in Dana, 1846) * ''Bunodosoma fallax'' (Pax, 1922) * ''Bunodosoma goanense'' den Hartog & Vennam, 1993 * ''Bunodosoma grande'' (Verrill, 1869) * ''Bunodosoma granuliferum'' (Le Sueur, 1817 * ''Bunodosoma kuekenthali'' Pax, 1910 * ''Bunodosoma sphaerulatum ''Bunodosoma'' is a genus of sea anemones in the family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The ...'' Duerden, 1902 References Actiniidae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is a pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with fewer adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electroencephalogram
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method to record an electrogram of the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain. The biosignals detected by EEG have been shown to represent the postsynaptic potentials of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and allocortex. It is typically non-invasive, with the EEG electrodes placed along the scalp (commonly called "scalp EEG") using the International 10-20 system, or variations of it. Electrocorticography, involving surgical placement of electrodes, is sometimes called " intracranial EEG". Clinical interpretation of EEG recordings is most often performed by visual inspection of the tracing or quantitative EEG analysis. Voltage fluctuations measured by the EEG bioamplifier and electrodes allow the evaluation of normal brain activity. As the electrical activity monitored by EEG originates in neurons in the underlying brain tissue, the recordings made by the electrodes on the surface of the scalp vary in accordance with their orientation and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Status Epilepticus
Status epilepticus (SE), or status seizure, is a single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or 2 or more seizures within a 5-minute period without the person returning to normal between them. Previous definitions used a 30-minute time limit. The seizures can be of the tonic–clonic type, with a regular pattern of contraction and extension of the arms and legs, or of types that do not involve contractions, such as absence seizures or complex partial seizures. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency, particularly if treatment is delayed. Status epilepticus may occur in those with a history of epilepsy as well as those with an underlying problem of the brain. These underlying brain problems may include trauma, infections, or strokes, among others. Diagnosis often involves checking the blood sugar, imaging of the head, a number of blood tests, and an electroencephalogram. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures may present similarly to status epilepticus. Other conditio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tremor
A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving oscillations or twitching movements of one or more body parts. It is the most common of all involuntary movements and can affect the hands, arms, eyes, face, head, vocal folds, trunk, and legs. Most tremors occur in the hands. In some people, a tremor is a symptom of another neurological disorder. A very common tremor is the teeth chattering, usually induced by cold temperatures or by fear. Types Tremor is most commonly classified by clinical features and cause or origin. Some of the better-known forms of tremor, with their symptoms, include the following: * Cerebellar tremor (also known as intention tremor) is a slow, broad tremor of the extremities that occurs at the end of a purposeful movement, such as trying to press a button or touching a finger to the tip of one's nose. Cerebellar tremor is caused by lesions in or damage to the cerebellum resulting from stroke, tumor, or disease such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akinesia
Hypokinesia is one of the classifications of movement disorders, and refers to decreased bodily movement. Hypokinesia is characterized by a partial or complete loss of muscle movement due to a disruption in the basal ganglia. Hypokinesia is a symptom of Parkinson's disease shown as muscle rigidity and an inability to produce movement. It is also associated with mental health disorders and prolonged inactivity due to illness, amongst other diseases. The other category of movement disorder is hyperkinesia that features an exaggeration of unwanted movement, such as fasciculation, twitching or writhing in Huntington's disease or Tourette syndrome. Spectrum of disorders Hypokinesia describes a variety of more specific disorders: Causes The most common cause of Hypokinesia is Parkinson's disease, and conditions related to Parkinson's disease. Other conditions may also cause slowness of movements. These includhypothyroidism and severe depression.These conditions need to be caref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isoform
A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isoforms have unique functions. A set of protein isoforms may be formed from alternative splicings, variable promoter usage, or other post-transcriptional modifications of a single gene; post-translational modifications are generally not considered. (For that, see Proteoforms.) Through RNA splicing mechanisms, mRNA has the ability to select different protein-coding segments ( exons) of a gene, or even different parts of exons from RNA to form different mRNA sequences. Each unique sequence produces a specific form of a protein. The discovery of isoforms could explain the discrepancy between the small number of protein coding regions genes revealed by the human genome project and the large diversity of proteins seen in an organism: different ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arginine
Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H. The molecule features a guanidino group appended to a standard amino acid framework. At physiological pH, the carboxylic acid is deprotonated (−CO2−) and both the amino and guanidino groups are protonated, resulting in a cation. Only the -arginine (symbol Arg or R) enantiomer is found naturally. Arg residues are common components of proteins. It is encoded by the codons CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG. The guanidine group in arginine is the precursor for the biosynthesis of nitric oxide. Like all amino acids, it is a white, water-soluble solid. History Arginine was first isolated in 1886 from yellow lupin seedlings by the German chemist Ernst Schulze and his assistant Ernst Steiger. He named it from the Greek ''árgyros'' (ἄργυρος) meaning "silver" due to the silver-white appearance of arginine nitrate crystals. In 1897, Schulze and Ernst Winterstein (1865–1949) determined the structure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
