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Cacao Diseases
Like other crops cocoa can be attacked by a number of pest species including fungal diseases, insects and rodents - some of which (e.g. frosty pod rot and cocoa pod borer) have increased dramatically in geographical range and are sometimes described as "invasive species An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species ad ...". Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Miscellaneous diseases Nematodes, parasitic Parasitic plants Viral and viroid diseases References {{reflist Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological SocietyGuide to cocoa pests and their management. List Cocoa production Cacao ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungal Diseases
Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Approximately 300 fungi are known to be pathogenic to humans. Markedly more fungi are known to be pathogenic to plant life than those of the animal kingdom. The study of fungi pathogenic to humans is called "medical mycology". Although fungi are eukaryotic, many pathogenic fungi are microorganisms. The study of fungi and other organisms pathogenic to plants is called plant pathology. ''Candida'' ''Candida'' species cause infections in individuals with deficient immune systems. Th1-type cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is required for clearance of a fungal infection. ''Candida albicans'' is a kind of diploid yeast that commonly occurs among the human gut microflora. ''C. albicans'' is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. Abnormal over-growth of this fungus can occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. ''C. albicans'' has a parasexual cycle that appears to be stimulated by environmental stress. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Pod Disease
Black pod disease is a protozoal disease of Cocoa trees. This pathogen if left untreated can destroy all yields; annually the pathogen can cause a yield loss of up to 1/3 and up to 10% of total trees can be lost completely. With the value of the cocoa industry throughout the world being so large there are much research and control efforts that go into these ''Phytophthora spp.'' pathogens. This pathogen can be located anywhere on the cocoa trees but is most noted for the black mummified look it will give to the fruit of the cocoa tree. Staying ahead of the pathogen is the best means of control, the pathogen can be greatly reduced if leaf litter is allowed to stay on the ground and if the pathogen gets out of hand chemical control can be used. This pathogen is mostly found in tropical areas where the cocoa trees are located and need rainfall in order to spread its spores. __TOC__ Disease cycle, symptoms and signs The symptom of black pod disease is the necrotic lesion on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratocystis Paradoxa
''Ceratocystis paradoxa'' or Black Rot of Pineapple is a plant pathogen that is a fungus, part of the phylum Ascomycota. It is characterized as the teleomorph or sexual reproduction stage of infection. This stage contains ascocarps, or sacs/fruiting bodies, which contain the sexually produced inoculating ascospores. These are the structures which are used primarily to survive long periods of time or overwinter to prepare for the next growing season of its host. Unfortunately, the sexual stage is not often seen in the natural field but instead the anamorph, or asexual stage is more commonly seen. This asexual stage name is ''Thielaviopsis paradoxa'' and is the common cause of Black rot or stem-end rot of its hosts. Hosts and symptoms One of the most well-known diseases caused by ''Ceratocystis paradoxa'' is Black rot or stem-end rot of pineapple, but it can also infect tropical fruit plants such as banana and coconuts as well as sugarcane. The pathogen infects the fruits through wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratocystis Moniliformis
''Huntiella moniliformis'' is a saprobic fungal species that was previously accommodated in the Ceratocystis genus. Due to morphological, molecular and ecological differences, it was recently allocated to the newly described Huntiella genus. Species belonging to this genus typically do not cause disease on plants with the exception of H. bhutanensis. These species are almost always found on freshly cut timber or wounded trees. The MAT locus and sexual strategy of H. moniliformis was recently elucidated. Unlike its close relatives that are heterothallic, H. moniliformis exhibits a homothallic sexual strategy. It harbours only the MAT1-2-1 gene at its MAT locus and is thus an example of a unisexually reproducing species. Such species are able to produce sexual progeny even in the absence of typically essential mating genes. External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database References * Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Microascales Fungi described in 1935 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratocystis Cacaofunesta
''Ceratocystis cacaofunesta'' is an ascomycete fungus that causes a wilt disease in cacao trees. It has led to significant economic losses in Latin America. Taxonomy Once considered to be a form of ''Ceratocystis fimbriata'', the fungus was described as a new species in 2005. The specific epithet "cacaofunesta" means "cacao-killing". Two closely related sublineages exist within this species, one centered in western Ecuador and the other containing isolates from Brazil, Colombia and Costa Rica. Ceratocystis wilt of cacao The disease known as "Ceratocystis wilt of cacao" (or "Mal de machete") is a serious disease of the cocoa tree (''Theobroma cacao'') in Latin America. The fungus is indigenous to Central and South America. This fungus is able to penetrate cacao trees through stem wounds that are caused either by insects or through infected cutting tools. Wounds made by harvesting pods, removing stem sprouts or weeding may become infected. The disease is a systemic infection tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratocystis Fimbriata
''Ceratocystis fimbriata'' is a fungus and a plant pathogen, attacking such diverse plants as the sweet potato (''black rot'') and the tapping panels of the Para rubber tree (''moldy rot''). It is a diverse species that attacks a wide variety of annual and perennial plants. There are several host-specialized strains, some of which, such as ''Ceratocystis platani'' that attacks plane trees, are now described as distinct species. Taxonomy ''Ceratocystis fimbriata'', the type species of the genus ''Ceratocystis'', was originally described on the sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatus'') in 1890. It has since been found on a wide variety of annual and perennial plants. It is a large, diverse complex of species that cause wilt-type diseases of many economically important plants. There are thought to be three broad geographic clades, the North American, the Latin American and the Asian clades. It is thought likely that ''Ceratocystis fimbriata'' contains many undescribed, hidden species. One ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canker
A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years. Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and therefore can have major economic implications for agriculture and horticulture. Their causes include a wide range of organisms as fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and viruses. The majority of canker-causing organisms are bound to a unique host species or genus, but a few will attack other plants. Weather and animals can spread canker, thereby endangering areas that have only slight amount of canker. Although fungicides or bactericides can treat some cankers, often the only available treatment is to destroy the infected plant to contain the disease. Examples * Apple canker, caused by the fungus ''Neonectria galligena'' * Ash bacterial canker, now understood to be caused by the bacterium '' Pseudomonas savastanoi'', rather than ''Pseudomonas syringae''. After DNA-relatedness studies ''Pseudomonas savastanoi'' has bee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rosellinia Pepo
''Rosellinia pepo'' is a plant pathogen Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomyc ... infecting the roots of cacao tree distributed across Central America, West Indies and West Africa. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Cacao diseases Xylariales Fungi described in 1908 {{fungus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rosellinia Bunodes
''Rosellinia bunodes'' is a plant pathogen infecting several hosts including avocados, bananas, cacao and tea. ''Rosellinia bunodes'' is the causal agent of black root rot of many herbaceous and woody perennials in both tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.Castro, B.L., Carreno, A.J., Galeano, N.F., Roux., J., Wingfield, M.J., & Gaitan, A.L. (2013). Identification and genetic diversity of ''Rosellinia'' spp. associated with root rot of coffee in Colombia. ''Australian Plant Pathology'', 42, 515-523. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-013-0205-3. Closely related species – namely ''R. pepo'' and ''R. nectarix'' – cause symptomatically similar diseases, but distinguishing between species can be quite difficult without the help of molecular (DNA) analysis, since survival structures are rarely observed in both the field and laboratory.dos Santos, A.F., Thomazi, H., Duarte, H.S.S., Machado, E.B., Silva, C.N., & Tessmann, D.J. (2017). First report of root rot caused by ''Rosell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytophthora Palmivora
''Phytophthora palmivora'' is an oomycete that causes bud-rot of palms, fruit-rot or kole-roga of coconut and areca nut. These are among the most serious diseases caused by fungi and moulds in South India. It occurs almost every year in Malnad, Mysore, North & South Kanara, Malabar and other areas. Similar diseases of palms are also known to occur in Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Sumatra. The causative organism was first identified as ''Phytophthora palmivora'' by Edwin John Butler in 1917.Tucker, C.M. (1931) ''Taxonomy of the genus ''Phytophtora'' de Bary'' University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 153; Biology ''Phytophthora palmivora'' produces abundant sporangia on V-8 agar under continuous fluorescent light. However, light is not required for sporangia production on infected papaya fruit. Sporangia are usually produced in clusters sympodially. Sporangia are papillate and ovoid with the widest part close to the base. They are easily washed o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytophthora Megakarya
''Phytophthora megakarya'' is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes black pod disease in cocoa trees in west and central Africa. This pathogen can cause detrimental loss of yield in the economically important cocoa industry, worth approximately $70 billion annually. It can damage any part of the tree, causing total yield losses which can easily reach 20-25%. A mixture of chemical and cultural controls, as well as choosing resistant plant varieties, are often necessary to control this pathogen. Hosts and symptoms ''Phytophthora megakaryas only known host is ''Theobroma cacao'', or the cocoa tree, located in West and Central Africa. It is considered to be the most virulent species of ''Phytophthora'' which infects ''T. cacao'', causing the greatest percentage of yield loss. This pathogen causes black pod disease which produces an array of symptoms throughout the host’s life cycle. ''P. megakarya'' is a facultative parasite that can infect any part of the cacao tree at any tim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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