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Belarusian Democratic Republic
The Belarusian People's Republic (BNR; be, Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка, Bielaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika, ), or Belarusian Democratic Republic, was a state proclaimed by the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in its Second Constituent Charter on 9 March 1918 during World War I. The Council proclaimed the Belarusian Democratic Republic independent in its Third Constituent Charter on 25 March 1918 during the occupation of contemporary Belarus by the Imperial German Army. The government of the Belarusian Democratic Republic never had power over the whole territory of Belarus. In 1919, it co-existed with an alternative Communist government of Belarus (the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia, which later became part of the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic), moving its seat of government to Vilnius and Grodno, but ceased to exist due to the capture of the whole Belarusian territory by Polish and Socialist Soviet Repub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government In Exile
A government in exile (abbreviated as GiE) is a political group that claims to be a country or semi-sovereign state's legitimate government, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually plan to one day return to their native country and regain formal power. A government in exile differs from a rump state in the sense that a rump state controls at least part of its former territory. For example, during World War I, nearly all of Belgium was occupied by Germany, but Belgium and its allies held on to a small slice in the country's west. A government in exile, in contrast, has lost all its territory. However, in practice the difference might be minor; in the above example, the Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse was located in French territory and acted as a government in exile for most practical purposes. The governments in exile tend to occur during wartime occupation or in the aftermath of a civil war, revolution, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republic
A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term was used to imply a state with a democratic or representative constitution (constitutional republic), but more recently it has also been used of autocratic or dictatorial states not ruled by a monarch. It is now chiefly used to denote any non-monarchical state headed by an elected or appointed president. , 159 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word "republic" as part of their official names. Not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor is the word "republic" used in the names of all states with elected governments. The word ''republic'' comes from the Latin term ''res publica'', which literally means "public thing", "public matter", or "public affair" and was used to refer t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third Constituent Charter
The Third Constituent Charter ( be, Трэцяя Ўстаўная грамата, Treciaja Ŭstaŭnaja hramata) is a legal act adopted by the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic on March 25, 1918 in Minsk (in Malin's house), according to which the Belarusian People's Republic was proclaimed an independent state. The anniversary of this historic event is traditionally celebrated by Belarusians as a celebration of the restoration of state independence. A copy of the Third Constituent Charter is kept in the National Archives of Belarus. History The adoption of the Third Charter took place in conditions when, according to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Soviet Russia agreed to the occupation of most of Belarus by the German Empire. The document summed up the results of the internal struggle in the leadership of the Belarusian People's Republic (BNR) and the Belarusian Socialist Society (BSG) for the adoption of the Second Charter to the Peoples of Belarus, which dissatisfied t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Constituent Charter
The Second Constituent Charter to the peoples of Belarus ( be, Другая Ўстаўная грамата да народаў Беларусі, Druhaja Ŭstaŭnaja hramata da narodaŭ Biełarusi) is a legal act adopted by the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress on March 9, 1918 in Minsk. Announced the formation of the Belarusian People's Republic as a democratic parliamentary and legal state, defined its territory within the settlement and numerical superiority of Belarusians. Embodied the then achievements of political and legal thought. Сідарэвіч А. Другая Устаўная грамата // С. 284. Historical context Adopted on February 21, 1918, the First Constituent Charter proclaimed the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress a temporary people's power in Belarus. However, on March 3, 1918, Soviet Russia concluded the Brest Peace Treaty, according to which it transferred most of the territory of Bela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war. Prior to 1914, the European great powers were divided between the Triple Entente (comprising France, Russia, and Britain) and the Triple Alliance (containing Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Tensions in the Balkans came to a head on 28 June 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivonka Survilla
Ivonka Survilla ( be, Івонка Сурвілла, born Ivonka Šymaniec, be, Івонка Шыманец, pl, Iwonka Szymaniec, April 11, 1936) is the President of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, a self-proclaimed Belarusian government in exile. Early life Ivonka Survilla was born in Stoŭbcy, then part of the Second Polish Republic (West Belarus), into the family of Uladzimier Šymaniec, an engineer, and Evelina Šymaniec née Paškievič. In 1940, after the Soviet annexation of West Belarus, Uladzimier Šymaniec was arrested by the Soviets and sentenced to five years imprisonment in Gulag. He escaped due to the German attack on the USSR.The Road from Stoupcy to Copenhagen to Paris to Madrid to Ottawa to Miensk — The Memoirs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jazep Sažyč
Jazep Sažyč ( be, Язэп Сажыч, also Joseph Sazyc, September 5, 1917 – November 19, 2007) was a Belarusian politician and military commander. Life in Russian Empire Jazep Sažyč was born in Haradziečna (now in Navahrudak district, Hrodna Voblast). He graduated from a Polish gymnasium in Nowogródek. In 1938 he was mobilized into the Polish army where he underwent an officer training course. During the German invasion of Poland Sažyč was commander of a minor military unit. He got wounded and taken by the Germans as a POW. He was later transferred to a hospital in Łódź from where he managed to get to Białystok and later to Navahrudak. He worked as an accountant in a village store and became enlisted as student to the University of Lviv. However, with Germany attacking the USSR Sažyč was mobilized into the Red Army. He soon deserted and returned to Lviv, where he worked at a shop and supported the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. He then went back to N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič
Dr. Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič ( be, Вінцэнт Жук-Грышкевіч, sometimes ''Vintsent Zhuk-Hryshkevich'', ; February 10, 1903 – February 14, 1989) was a Belarusian emigre politician. Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič studied at a Belarusian gymnasium in Budsłaŭ and then, after the gymnasium's closure, in the Belarusian Gymnasium of Vilnia from which he graduated in 1922. He graduated from the Charles University in Prague in 1926 and worked in 1927-1939 as a teacher in the Belarusian Gymnasium of Vilnia, while also taking part in Belarusian activities in West Belarus, including work for a newspaper published by the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union. In late September 1939, after the Soviet invasion of Poland, Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič was first appointed editor in a Soviet newspaper but very soon arrested by the NKVD. After several months of tortures, he was sent to Gulag concentration camps in Kotlas and Vorkuta. In 1942 he was set free as a Polish citizen and fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikoła Abramčyk
Mikola Abramchyk ( be, Мікола Абрамчык, russian: Николай Абрамчик, he, מיקעולא אברמצ'יק) (16 August 1903 – 29 May 1970) was a Belarusian journalist and emigre politician of Ottoman Jewish and Armenian descent and president of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in exile during 1943–1970. Life He attended school in Radashkovichy. In 1923, after the civil war in Russia, he emigrated to Czechoslovakia, lived in Prague, and studied agricultural sciences there. He was a member of the Association of Belarusian Student Organization. In 1930 he went to Paris, where he developed the Belarusian association of workers, ''Chaurus''. He published the magazines ''Biuleten'' and ''Recha''. He worked in the emigration for cultural and political organizations. He was a member of the Belarusian Committee of Self-leadership in Berlin. In 1943, he was removed by the Germans from the Committee in charges of conducting prohibited activities and arrested ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vasil Zacharka
Vasil Zacharka ( be, Васіль Захарка, April 1, 1877, Dabrasielcy near Grodno – March 14, 1943, Prague) was a Belarusian statesman and the second president of the Belarusian People's Republic in exile. Early life Vasil Zacharka was born in a peasant family near Grodno. In 1895 he became a certified church school teacher and later worked at school. In 1898 Zacharka was mobilized to the Russian army and was demobilized in 1902. By that time he already was member of a large Belarusian national organization, the Belarusian Socialist Assembly. He was again mobilized in 1904 following the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War and served in the military on several administrative posts till 1917. Political activism Vasil Zacharka was an active participant of the Congress of Belarusian West Front Militarymen on October 22, 1917 in Minsk and became secretary of the newly created Central Belarusian Military Council. He was also elected member of the Council of the Firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piotra Krečeŭski
Piotra Krecheuski ( be, Пётра Крэчэўскі, Łacinka: Piotra Krečeŭski, russian: Пётр Антонович Кречевский; August 7, 1879 – March 8, 1928, Prague) was a Belarusian statesman and president of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in exile. Before the First World War he worked as a teacher in Jałówka near Białystok. He was delegate at the First All-Belarusian Congress in 1917 and member of the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. In December 1919 Krecheuski was elected President of the Council of the Belarusian Republic and served on this post till his death. In exile in Prague since 1919, he organized active information campaigns for Western governments about the current states of Belarusian SSR and West Belarus. He organized a conference of Belarusian emigrant organizations in September 1921 that criticized the Polish-Bolshevist Peace of Riga The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga ( pl, Traktat Rysk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jazep Losik
Jazep Losik (also known as Jazep (Yazep) Liosik; ; 18 November 1884 – 1 April 1940) was a Belarusian academic, leading figure of the independence movement and a victim of Stalin's purges. Early years Losik was born into a large farming family in the village of Mikalajeŭščyna, Minsk province of the Russian Empire (nowadays Stoŭbcy district, Minsk region of Belarus). His parents were tenants on land belonging to the Radziwill family. He was an uncle of Belarusian poet and writer Jakub Kolas.Арлоў, Уладзімер (2020). ІМЁНЫ СВАБОДЫ (Бібліятэка Свабоды. ХХІ стагодзьдзе.)' 'Uładzimir Arłou. The Names of Freedom (The Library of Freedom. ХХІ century.)''">Uładzimir_Arłou.html" ;"title="'Uładzimir Arłou">'Uładzimir Arłou. The Names of Freedom (The Library of Freedom. ХХІ century.)''(PDF) (in Belarusian) (4-е выд., дап. ed.). Радыё Свабодная Эўропа / Радыё Свабода - Ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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