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Bandera Negra
''Bandera Negra'' (Black Flag) or ''Santa Germandat Catalana'' (Holy Catalan Brotherhood) was the secret, armed sub-organization of the Estat Català political party, founded on May 3, 1925. Its name referred to the black flag raised by the defenders of Barcelona in the Catalan Campaign (1713-1714) on August 1, 1714, signaling to the Bourbon troops that they would fight to the death and never capitulate. On September 12 they did capitulate, however, thus ending the cause of the Archduke of Austria. However, historian Enric Ucelay-Da Cal relates it to "the traditional symbol associated with the will to kill or die". Ucelay-Da Cal, Enric 2018, p. 101. History Historian Enric Ucelay-Da Cal explains how Bandera Negra was born: The organization had approximately twelve leading members and some sympathizers. The most notable head of the organization was Marcel·lí Perelló, together with Jaume Compte (also a member of the Autonomous Center of Trade and Industry Dependents). Notab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Madrid , coordinates = , largest_city = Madrid , languages_type = Official language , languages = Spanish language, Spanish , ethnic_groups = , ethnic_groups_year = , ethnic_groups_ref = , religion = , religion_ref = , religion_year = 2020 , demonym = , government_type = Unitary state, Unitary Parliamentary system, parliamentary constitutional monarchy , leader_title1 = Monarchy of Spain, Monarch , leader_name1 = Felipe VI , leader_title2 = Prime Minister of Spain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miquel Badia
Miquel Badia i Capell (1906–1936) was a prominent figure of radical Catalan separatism during the days of the Second Spanish Republic, member of Estat Català and the JEREC, Chief of Public Order of the Generalitat of Catalonia. He became known among his followers as ''Capità Collons'' ('Captain Balls'). Biography He was born on 10 March 1906 in Torregrossa, in the province of Lleida. He took part in the Catalan separatist initiative that plotted the 1925 failed assassination attempt on King Alfonso XIII of Spain, Alfonso XIII. Tortured, he spent a while in the Burgos Prison. After the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in April 1931, Badia, an ardent follower of Francesc Macià, became allied to Josep Dencàs; both got to control the JEREC,—youth wing of the newly created Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)—and its shock squads, the olive green-shirted ''escamots''. Described by Stanley G. Payne, Payne as proto-fascists, both Badia and Dencàs talked about the pros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garraf Plot
The Garraf plot was an attempted regicide of Spain's King Alfonso XIII by Catalan independence movement, Catalan separatists in Barcelona in June 1925. Background Catalan nationalist groups blamed King Alfonso XIII for enabling the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, Primo de Rivera and repressing Catalan national identity. On May 6, 1925, King Alfonso XIII's trip to Catalonia was announced. A group of radical militants within Acció Catalana, the Grup dels Set ("Group of Seven") initially came up with the plan to assassinate the king during this trip. However, the plot was mostly carried out by Bandera Negra, La Bandera Negra, a clandestine military organization within Estat Català, a separate Catalan nationalist party. The conspirators believed that in the confusion following the assassination of the monarch, the military would carry out acts of violence against the population of Barcelona, which would in return increase popular su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garraf
Garraf (), better known as El Garraf (), is a comarca (county) in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, northern Spain. It is named after the Garraf Massif. The GR 92 long distance footpath, which roughly follows the length of the Mediterranean coast of Spain, has a staging point at Garraf. Stage 21 links northwards to Bruguers, a distance of , whilst stage 22 links southwards to Vilanova i la Geltrú, a distance of . Municipalities See also *Diari de Vilanova Diari de Vilanova (DV) is a weekly newspaper published in Garraf, Catalonia, as well as a news website. It is sold in Garraf, Barcelona, Vilafranca del Penedès, and Baix Penedès. The newspaper sells approximately 7,500 copies a week and has 1,6 ... References External links * Information about Garraf on the web site of the Generalitat de Catalunya (in Catalan) {{Barcelona-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII (17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), also known as El Africano or the African, was King of Spain from 17 May 1886 to 14 April 1931, when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. He was a monarch from birth as his father, Alfonso XII, had died the previous year. Alfonso's mother, Maria Christina of Austria, served as regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902. Alfonso XIII's upbringing and public image were closely linked to the military estate, often presenting himself as a soldier-king. His effective reign started four years after the so-called 1898 Disaster, with various social factions projecting their expectations of national regeneration upon him. Similarly to other European monarchs of his time, he played an important political role, entailing a highly controversial use of his constitutional executive powers. His wedding with Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg in 1906 was marked by a regicide attempt, from which he escaped unhar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South America's southeastern coast. "Buenos Aires" can be translated as "fair winds" or "good airs", but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century, by the use of the original name "Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre", named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia, Italy. Buenos Aires is classified as an alpha global city, according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) 2020 ranking. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province's capital; rather, it is an autonomous district. In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its Metropolitan France, metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin (island), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Béziers
Béziers (; oc, Besièrs) is a Subprefectures in France, subprefecture of the Hérault Departments of France, department in the Occitania (administrative region), Occitanie Regions of France, region of Southern France. Every August Béziers hosts the famous ''Feria de Béziers'', which is centred on bullfighting. A million visitors are attracted to the five-day event. The town is located on a small Cliff, bluff above the river Orb (river), Orb, about from the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean coast and southwest of Montpellier. At Béziers, the Canal du Midi passes over the river Orb by means of the ''Orb Aqueduct, Pont-canal de l'Orb'', an Navigable aqueduct, aqueduct claimed to be the first of its kind. History Béziers is one of the oldest cities in France. Research published in March 2013 shows that Béziers dates from 575 BC, making it older than Agde (Greek Agathe Tyche, founded in 525 BC) and a bit younger than Marseille (Greek Massalia, founded in 600 BC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Cardona
Daniel Cardona i Civit (20 August 1890 – 7 March 1943), also known with the pen name of Vibrant or the nickname of l'Irlandès (meaning the Irishman), was a Catalan politician, a prominent figure of 20th-century radical Catalan separatism. Biography He was born in the Jovellanos Street of Barcelona. On 25 November 1905, at the age of 15, he threw, from the Haberdasher's where he was employed, a bucket of wet sawdust to a group of Spanish soldiers returning from attacking and breaking the headquarters of the ¡Cu-Cut! and the newspaper La Veu de Catalunya. He worked with and became a close friend of the Catalan poet Joan Salvat-Papasseit, who authored the prologue of Cardona's first book, "La batalla", published in 1923. He became councillor of Sant Just Desvern on 1 April 1922. Exiled to France during the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, he was among the plotters of the 1924 "acció del Garraf", a failed attempt of regicide on Alfonso XIII. Established in Perpignan, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcel·lí Perelló I Domingo
Marcel·lí Perelló i Domingo () born in (Barcelona in 1897? - died Mexico City 1961) was a Catalan people, Catalan guerrilla politician and newspaper writer. He was the first Secretary of Estat Català. He was part of a plot against the Spanish Throne, was imprisoned and exiled to Mexico. The Plot of Garraf He was son of Frederic Perelló i Arnús and Magdalena Domingo i Selma, he was the commander of the Catalan State squads ''escamots'' d'Estat Català and belonged to Black Flag (Bandera Negra). He directed the Garraf plot, Plot of GarrafCrexell, Joan. ''El complot de Garraf''. Barcelona: Abadia de Montserrat, 1988, p. 39. (Biblioteca Serra d'or; 79). that, in 1925, intended to kill Alfonso XIII of Spain, Alfonso XIII and all his family, placing an explosive device at Garraf railway, where the royal train would pass by. A traitor caused the plot to fail, and Perelló and his fellows were condemned to death penalty, death. Later, their sentences were commuted to life bec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalonia
Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, to the south of the Pyrenees mountain range. Catalonia is administratively divided into four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city, Barcelona is the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the fifth-most populous urban area in the European Union.Demographia: World Urban Areas – Demographia, April 2018 Current day Catalonia comprises most of the medieval and early modern Principality o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
