''Bandera Negra'' (Black Flag) or ''Santa Germandat Catalana'' (Holy Catalan Brotherhood) was the secret, armed sub-organization of the

Estat Català Estat Català (, literally "Catalan State") is a pro-independence nationalist historical political party of Catalonia (Spain). History Estat Català is a historical pro-independence political party in Catalonia, Spain. It was founded by France ...

political party, founded on May 3, 1925. Its name referred to the black flag raised by the defenders of Barcelona in the Catalan Campaign (1713-1714) on August 1, 1714, signaling to the

Bourbon Bourbon may refer to: Food and drink * Bourbon whiskey, an American whiskey made using a corn-based mash * Bourbon barrel aged beer, a type of beer aged in bourbon barrels * Bourbon biscuit, a chocolate sandwich biscuit * A beer produced by Bras ...

troops that they would fight to the death and never capitulate. On September 12 they did capitulate, however, thus ending the cause of the Archduke of Austria. However, historian

Enric Ucelay-Da Cal Enric Ucelay-Da Cal (born 1948 in New York City, United States) is a historian specializing in contemporary history, who has done extensive work on Catalan history. He is at present (2014) Senior Professor Emeritus at the Pompeu Fabra University ( ...

relates it to "the traditional symbol associated with the will to kill or die". Ucelay-Da Cal, Enric 2018, p. 101.

History

Historian Enric Ucelay-Da Cal explains how Bandera Negra was born: The organization had approximately twelve leading members and some sympathizers. The most notable head of the organization was Marcel·lí Perelló, together with Jaume Compte (also a member of the Autonomous Center of Trade and Industry Dependents). Notable members include:

Miquel Badia Miquel Badia i Capell (1906–1936) was a prominent figure of radical Catalan separatism during the days of the Second Spanish Republic, member of Estat Català and the JEREC, Chief of Public Order of the Generalitat of Catalonia. He became known a ...

, Daniel Cardona (head abroad), Ramon Xammar, Emili Granier Barrera, Jaume Julià, Joan Bertran and Jaume Balius. It also had committees in

Béziers Béziers (; oc, Besièrs) is a Subprefectures in France, subprefecture of the Hérault Departments of France, department in the Occitania (administrative region), Occitanie Regions of France, region of Southern France. Every August Béziers hos ...

(

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

) and in

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...

. Bandera Negra carried out the attack against King Alfonso XIII on the

Garraf Garraf (), better known as El Garraf (), is a comarca (county) in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, northern Spain. It is named after the Garraf Massif. The GR 92 long distance footpath, which roughly follows the length of the Mediterranea ...

coast (

Garraf plot The Garraf plot was an attempted regicide of Spain's King Alfonso XIII by Catalan independence movement, Catalan separatists in Barcelona in June 1925. Background Catalan nationalist groups blamed King Alfonso XIII for enabling the Dictatorshi ...

) and some other impactful armed actions, such as the bomb attack against the house of the Baron of Maldá.

History

References

Further reading