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Bračkova špilja
Bračkova špilja is a cave and archaeological site in Zagorje about long, located on the north slope of the Ivanščica massif. It is a dry horizontal cave with a wide entrance at the foot of a short cliff. It is sometimes highlighted as the most prominent cave on Ivanščica, and has the most extensive literature of any of its caves. It is difficult to access, but a tourist path has been planned. Name Bračkova špilja is not to be confused with Bračkova jama, a nearby pit cave deep also known as Markova jama na Ivanščici. Description The cave is located in the ravine of the Šumec (Bednja), Šumec, which cuts through the Dubrava (Ivanščica), Dubrava peak. It is horizontal, sloped slightly upwards towards the back, narrower both horizontally and vertically with progression. The inclination was sufficient to prevent the accumulation of sediment on the cave floor The width of the cave near the entrance is about . The entrance is difficult to reach for reasons of grade (slop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepoglava
Lepoglava is a town in Varaždin County, northern Croatia, It is located 32 km southwest of Varaždin, 7 km west of Ivanec, and 22 km northeast of Krapina. Demographics A total of 8,283 residents in the municipality (2011 census) live in the following settlements: * Bednjica, population 209 * Crkovec, population 188 * Donja Višnjica, population 542 * Gornja Višnjica, population 271 * Jazbina Višnjička, population 25 * Kamenica, population 141 * Kamenički Vrhovec, population 205 * Kameničko Podgorje, population 322 * Lepoglava, population 4,174 * Muričevec, population 195 * Očura, population 188 * Viletinec, population 173 * Vulišinec, population 237 * Zalužje, population 162 * Zlogonje, population 412 * Žarovnica, population 839 History Lepoglava is probably best known for hosting the main Croatian prison, the Lepoglava prison. In 1854, a monastery of the Pauline Fathers was transformed by the authorities into a prison. In the twentieth century, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Topographic Map
In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large- scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and artificial features. A topographic survey is typically based upon a systematic observation and published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A topographic map series uses a common specification that includes the range of cartographic symbols employed, as well as a standard geodetic framework that defines the map projection, coordinate system, ellipsoid and geodetic datum. Official topographic maps also adopt a national grid referencing system. Natural Resources Canada provides this description of topographic maps: Other authors define topographic maps by contrasting them with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hoard
A hoard or "wealth deposit" is an archaeological term for a collection of valuable objects or artifacts, sometimes purposely buried in the ground, in which case it is sometimes also known as a cache. This would usually be with the intention of later recovery by the hoarder; hoarders sometimes died or were unable to return for other reasons (forgetfulness or physical displacement from its location) before retrieving the hoard, and these surviving hoards might then be uncovered much later by metal detector hobbyists, members of the public, and archaeologists. Hoards provide a useful method of providing dates for artifacts through association as they can usually be assumed to be contemporary (or at least assembled during a decade or two), and therefore used in creating chronologies. Hoards can also be considered an indicator of the relative degree of unrest in ancient societies. Thus conditions in 5th and 6th century Britain spurred the burial of hoards, of which the most famou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cave Dweller
A cave dweller, or troglodyte, is a human who inhabits a cave or the area beneath the overhanging rocks of a cliff. Prehistory Some Prehistory, prehistoric humans were cave dwellers, but most were not (''see'' ''Homo'' and Human evolution). Such early cave dwellers, and other prehistoric peoples, are also called ''cave men'' (the term also refers to the stereotypical "caveman" stock character type from fiction and popular culture). Despite the name, only a small portion of humanity has ever dwelt in caves: caves are rare across most of the world; most caves are dark, cold, and damp; and other cave inhabitants, such as bears and cave bears, Panthera leo spelaea, cave lions, and cave hyenas, often made caves inhospitable for people. The Grotte du Vallonnet, a cave in the French Riviera, was used by people approximately one million years ago. Although stone tools and the remains of eaten animals have been found in the cave, there is no indication that people dwelt in it. Since ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Early Iron Age
The Iron Age () is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progressing to protohistory (before written history). In this usage, it is preceded by the Stone Age (subdivided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic) and Bronze Age. These concepts originated for describing Iron Age Europe and the ancient Near East. In the archaeology of the Americas, a five-period system is conventionally used instead; indigenous cultures there did not develop an iron economy in the pre-Columbian era, though some did work copper and bronze. Indigenous metalworking arrived in Australia with European contact. Although meteoric iron has been used for millennia in many regions, the beginning of the Iron Age is defined locally around the world by archaeological convention when the production of smelted iron (especially ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Late Bronze Age
The Bronze Age () was a historical period characterised principally by the use of bronze tools and the development of complex urban societies, as well as the adoption of writing in some areas. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of the three-age system, following the Stone Age and preceding the Iron Age. Conceived as a global era, the Bronze Age follows the Neolithic, with a transition period between the two known as the Chalcolithic. The final decades of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean basin are often characterised as a period of widespread societal collapse known as the Late Bronze Age collapse (), although its severity and scope are debated among scholars. An ancient civilisation is deemed to be part of the Bronze Age if it either produced bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying it with tin, arsenic, or other metals, or traded other items for bronze from producing areas elsewhere. Bronze Age cultures were the first to develop writing. According to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veternica (cave)
Veternica is a cave located on Medvednica mountain in Zagreb, Croatia. At long, it is the longest known cave on its massif, and an estimated 6 km or more remain unexplored. In the 1960s, it briefly became the longest cave in Croatia. The first is available to visitors. In 2019, it had 5787 visitors. It is an archeological site where remains of several kinds of prehistoric animals as well as humans have been found. The cave has been protected by law since 7 July 1979, with registration as a Natural Monument on 11 July of that year. Etymology The name ''Vetrenica'' is a Kajkavian -en-adjective formed from the reflex of Proto-Slavic větrъ "wind", to which the denominal suffix -ica has been added. It is named for the wind that comes from the lower entrance of a cave as a result of temperature differences, except in the winter. Specifically in caves with two or more entrances and a significant difference in elevation between them. The upper entrance in this case seems to be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vindija Cave
Vindija Cave is an archaeological site associated with Neanderthals and modern humans, located in the municipality of Donja Voća, northern Croatia. Remains of three Neanderthals were selected as the primary sources for the first draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome project in 2010. Additional research was done on the samples and published in 2017. Description The cave is located roughly west of the city of Varaždin and north of Ivanec. It is estimated that Neanderthals used the cave 40,000 years ago; approximately 8000 years before modern humans lived in that part of Europe. The hominid specimens at level 3G are regarded as unquestionably Neanderthal in overall morphology but exhibit a number of traits that sit closer to anatomically modern Europeans than to the traditional Neanderthal. These include a thinner and less projecting brow ridge, reduced facial size, and narrower front teeth. Though some have put these differences down to the small size of the Vindija indi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared, infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater, lakes, ice caps, and seawater. It is a trace gas Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, in Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm), or about 0.042% (as of May 2022) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.028%. Burning fossil fuels is the main cause of these increased concentrations, which are the primary cause of climate change.IPCC (2022Summary for pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soil Temperature
The physical properties of soil, in order of decreasing importance for ecosystem services such as crop production, are texture, structure, bulk density, porosity, consistency, temperature, colour and resistivity. Soil texture is determined by the relative proportion of the three kinds of soil mineral particles, called soil separates: sand, silt, and clay. At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly ''soil aggregates'' are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures. Soil bulk density, when determined at standardized moisture conditions, is an estimate of soil compaction. Soil porosity consists of the void part of the soil volume and is occupied by gases or water. Soil consistency is the ability of soil materials to stick together. Soil temperature and colour are self-defining. Resistivity refers to the resistance to condu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Temperature
Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity, and altitude. The abbreviation MAAT is often used for Mean Annual Air Temperature of a geographical location. Near-surface air temperature The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and weather stations, usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a Stevenson screen—a standardized, well-ventilated, white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground. Details of this setup are defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). A true daily mean could be obtained from a continuously recording thermograph. Commonly, it is approximated by the mean of discrete readings (e.g. 24 hourly readings, four 6-hourly readings, etc.) or by the mean of the daily minimum and maximum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
