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Braille Pattern Dots-15
The Braille pattern dots-15 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the top left and middle right dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the top left and right upper-middle dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2811, and in Braille ASCII with E. Unified Braille In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-15 is used to represent unrounded, near- mid, front vowels, such as /e/ or /ɛ/. It is also used for the number 5.. Table of unified braille values Other braille Plus dots 7 and 8 Related to Braille pattern dots-15 are Braille patterns 157, 158, and 1578, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille. Related 8-dot kantenji patterns In the Japanese kantenji is a system of braille for transcribing written Japanese. It was devised in 1969 by , a teacher at the , and was still being revised in 1991. It supplements Japanese Braille by providing a means of directly encoding kanji ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are Blindness, blind, Deafblindness, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on Paper embossing, embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first Binary numeral system, binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are formed using a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irish Braille
Irish Braille is the braille alphabet of the Irish language. It is augmented by specifically Irish letters for vowels with acute accents in print: : ''é'' and ''ú'' are coincidentally the French Braille letters for ''é'' and ''ù'': They are simply the braille letters of the third decade after ''z'', assigned to print in alphabetical order. Irish Braille also uses some of the Grade- shortcuts of English Braille, : * only has the value ''ar'' in prose. In poetry, it is used to mark a new line, like "/" in print. †Abolished in Updated Irish Braille (see below) These shortcuts are not used across elements of compound words. For example, in ''uiscerian'' (uisce-rian) "aqueduct", ''e-r'' is spelled out, as is ''s-t'' in ''trastomhas'' (tras-tomhas) "diameter". There are no special braille letters for dotted consonants. The letter ''h'' is used instead, as in modern print. A shortcut may be used even when the final consonant is lenited with ''h''; ''comh'', for example, is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kantenji
is a system of braille for transcribing written Japanese. It was devised in 1969 by , a teacher at the , and was still being revised in 1991. It supplements Japanese Braille by providing a means of directly encoding kanji characters without having to first convert them to kana. It uses an 8-dot braille cell, with the lower six dots corresponding to the cells of standard Japanese Braille, and the upper two dots indicating the constituent parts of the kanji. The upper dots are numbered 0 (upper left) and 7 (upper right), the opposite convention of 8-dot braille in Western countries, where the extra dots are added to the bottom of the cell. A kanji will be transcribed by anywhere from one to three braille cells. Principles Only kanji use the upper dots 0 and 7. A cell occupying only dots 1–6 is to be read as kana, or less commonly as the middle element of a three-cell kanji. Kana readings are used to derive common kanji elements that share that reading. For example, the kana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardner–Salinas Braille Codes
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called ''GS8''. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called ''GS6''. The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician. The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable markup language. The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting. Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2 English Braille. Digits Apart from 0, this is the same as the Antoine notation used in French and Luxembour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algerian Braille
Algerian Braille was a braille alphabet used to write the Arabic language in Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig .... It is apparently obsolete. In Algerian Braille, the braille letters are assigned in numeric order to the Arabic alphabet; standard Arabic Braille on the other hand uses a completely different assignment, following [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardner Salinas Braille
Gardner may refer to: Name *Gardner (given name) *Gardner (surname) Places United States *Gardner, Colorado *Gardner, Illinois *Gardner, Kansas *Gardner, Massachusetts * Gardner, North Dakota *Gardner, Tennessee *Gardner, Wisconsin *Glen Gardner, New Jersey Geographical features *Gardner (crater) on the Moon *Gardner Canal in British Columbia, Canada *Gardner Inlet in Antarctica *Gardner Pinnacles in Hawaii, United States *Gardner River in Yellowstone National Park, United States *Gardner Island or Nikumaroro, part of the Phoenix Islands, Kiribati Institutions *Gardner–Webb University in North Carolina *Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts *L. Gardner and Sons Ltd., Patricroft, Manchester, England - a builder of diesel engines *Gardner (automobile), a car maker based in St. Louis, Missouri, between 1920 and 1931 Animals *Gardner snake, any species of North American snake within the genus ''Thamnophis'', more properly called garter snakes Weapons *Gardner ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nemeth Braille
The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics is a Braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using standard six-dot Braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The code was developed by Abraham Nemeth. The Nemeth Code was first written up in 1952. It was revised in 1956, 1965, and 1972, and beginning in 1992 was integrated into Unified English Braille. It is an example of a compact human-readable markup language. Nemeth Braille is just one code used to write mathematics in braille. There are many systems in use around the world. Principles of the Nemeth Code The Nemeth Code Book (1972) opens with the following words: One consequence is that the braille transcriber does not need to know the underlying mathematics. The braille transcriber needs to identify the inkprint symbols and know how to render them in Nemeth Code braille. For example, if the same math symbol might have two different meanings, this would not matter; both instances ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taiwanese Braille
Taiwanese Braille is the braille script used in Taiwan for Taiwanese Mandarin (''Guoyu''). Although based marginally on international braille, most consonants have been reassigned; also, like Chinese Braille, Taiwanese Braille is a semi-syllabary. An example is, Charts Initials The braille letters for zhuyin/pinyin ㄍ ''g'' (), ㄘ ''c'' (), and ㄙ ''s'' () double for the alveolo-palatal consonants ㄐ ''j'' (), ㄑ ''q'' (), and ㄒ ''x'' (). The latter are followed by close front vowels, namely ㄧ ''i'' () and ㄩ ''ü'' (), so the distinction between ''g, c, s'' (or ''z, k, h'') and ''j, q, x'' in zhuyin and pinyin is redundant. Medial + rime Each medial + rime in zhuyin is written with a single letter in braille. is used for both the empty rime ''-i'' (), which is not written in zhuyin, and the rime ㄦ ''er'' (). See for example 斯 ''sī'' () located above the word ''Daguerre'' in the image at right. Tone Marks Tone is always marked. This includes t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mainland Chinese Braille
(Mainland) Chinese Braille is a braille script used for Standard Mandarin in China. Consonants and basic finals conform to international braille, but additional finals form a semi-syllabary, as in zhuyin (bopomofo). Each syllable is written with up to three Braille cells, representing the initial, final, and tone, respectively. In practice tone is generally omitted as it is in pinyin. Braille charts Traditional Chinese Braille is as follows: Initials Chinese Braille initials generally follow the pinyin assignments of international braille. However, ''j, q, x'' are replaced with ''g, k, h'', as the difference is predictable from the final. (This reflects the historical change of ''g, k, h'' (and also ''z, c, s'') to ''j, q, x'' before ''i'' and ''ü''.) The digraphs ''ch, sh, zh'' are assigned to (its pronunciation in Russian Braille), (a common pronunciation in international braille), and . ''R'' is assigned to , reflecting the old Wade-Giles transcription of . ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Korean Braille
Korean Braille is the braille alphabet of the Korean language. It is not graphically-related to other braille scripts found around the world. Instead, it reflects the patterns found in hangul, and differentiates initial consonants, vowels, and final consonants. Charts It features characters for grammatical devices and punctuation. Numerals are similar to those of other braille systems. Consonants Consonants have different syllable-initial and -final variants, capturing some of the feel of hangul. The initial and final variants have the same shapes, but are shifted across the braille block. There are two patterns: The consonants that span the width of the block are shifted one space downward when final. Those that do not span the width of the block are on the right side of the block when initial, but on the left side when final. No consonant occupies more than two rows. *There is no initial version of ''ng''. Initial ''ieung'' in hangul is not written in Korean Braille. Ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Braille
Japanese Braille is the braille script of the Japanese language. It is based on the original braille script, though the connection is tenuous. In Japanese it is known as , literally "dot characters". It transcribes Japanese more or less as it would be written in the ''hiragana'' or ''katakana'' syllabaries, without any provision for writing ''kanji''. Japanese Braille is a vowel-based abugida. That is, the glyphs are syllabic, but unlike kana they contain separate symbols for consonant and vowel, and the vowel takes primacy. The vowels are written in the upper left corner (points 1, 2, 4) and may be used alone. The consonants are written in the lower right corner (points 3, 5, 6) and cannot occur alone. However, the semivowel ''y'' is indicated by point 4, one of the vowel points, and the vowel combination is dropped to the bottom of the block. When this point is written in isolation, it indicates that the following syllable has a medial ''y'', as in ''mya''. Syllables beginnin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
